Procyclidine

Summary

Procyclidine is an anticholinergic drug principally used for the treatment of drug-induced parkinsonism, akathisia and acute dystonia, Parkinson's disease, and idiopathic or secondary dystonia.

Procyclidine
Clinical data
AHFS/Drugs.comMonograph
MedlinePlusa605037
Routes of
administration
By mouth, im, iv
ATC code
Pharmacokinetic data
Protein binding~100%-albumin
Elimination half-life~12 h
Identifiers
  • 1-cyclohexyl-1-phenyl-3-pyrrolidin-1-yl-propan-1-ol hydrochloride
CAS Number
  • 77-37-2
    77-37-2 (free base)
PubChem CID
  • 207841
DrugBank
  • DB00387
ChemSpider
  • 4750
UNII
  • C6QE1Q1TKR
ChEMBL
  • ChEMBL1761 checkY
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
  • DTXSID2023515 Edit this at Wikidata
ECHA InfoCard100.000.931 Edit this at Wikidata
Chemical and physical data
FormulaC19H30ClNO
Molar mass323.90 g·mol−1
  (verify)

Uses edit

It is used in patients with parkinsonism and akathisia, and to reduce the side effects of antipsychotic treatment given for schizophrenia. Procyclidine is also a second-line drug for the treatment of Parkinson's disease. It improves tremor but not rigidity or bradykinesia.

Procyclidine is also sometimes used for the treatment of dystonia (but not tardive dyskinesia), a rare disorder that causes abnormal muscle contraction, resulting in twisting postures of limbs, trunk, or face.

Overdose edit

Signs of procyclidine overdose are those of an anticholinergic and include confusion, agitation and sleeplessness that can last up to or more than 24 hours. Pupils become dilated and unreactive to light. Tachycardia (fast heart beat), as well as auditory and visual hallucinations have also been reported.

Other known symptoms of overdose are: clumsiness or unsteadiness, being severely drowsy, having a severely dry mouth, nose, or throat, having an altered mood or other mental changes, seizures, being short of breath or having troubled breathing, a dry and warm, flushed skin.

A suspected overdose with severe life-threatening symptoms should immediately be brought to medical attention, where reversal can be attempted with physostigmine administered intravenously or subcutaneously.

Synthesis edit

 
Procyclidine synthesis:[1] U.S. patent 2,826,590

Procyclidine, 1-cyclohexyl-1-phenyl-3-pyrrolidinopropan-1-ol, is synthesized in exactly the same manner as was seen for trihexyphenidyl, except this time the linear synthesis begins with the preparation of 3-(1-pyrrolidino)propiophenone.

 
Procyclidine synthesis 2[2]

In an interesting variation, the ketone is first reacted with phenylmagnesium bromide. Catalytic hydrogenation of the carbinol thus obtained can be stopped after the reduction of only one aromatic ring.

Side Effects edit

Side effects include nausea, constipation, urinary retention, blurred vision, anxiety, cognitive impairment, confusion, dizziness, gingivitis, hallucination, memory loss, rash and vomiting. [3]

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ DE 1084734, Jassmann, Edgar & Pfanz, Hermann, "Verfahren zur Herstellung von tertiäeren Aminoalkoholen [Process for the preparation of tertiary amino alcohols]", published 1960-07-07, assigned to VEB Fahlberg-List Chemische und Pharmazeutische Fabriken 
  2. ^ Adamson DW, Barrett PA, Wilkinson S (1951). "11. Aminoalkyl tertiary carbinols and derived products. Part IV. Spasmolytics. Phenyl- and cyclohexylphenyl-carbinols". Journal of the Chemical Society (Resumed): 52. doi:10.1039/jr9510000052.
  3. ^ "Procyclidine Hydrochloride". National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Retrieved 2020-07-06.

Further reading edit