Prostatic_acid_phosphatase Knowpia

ACP3
Available structures
PDB	Ortholog search: PDBe RCSB
List of PDB id codes
	1CVI, 1ND5, 1ND6, 2HPA, 2L3H, 2L77, 2L79, 3PPD, 2MG0
Identifiers
Aliases	ACP3, 5'-NT, TM-PAP, ACP-3, acid phosphatase 3, acid phosphatase, prostate, ACPP
External IDs	OMIM: 171790 MGI: 1928480 HomoloGene: 55552 GeneCards: ACP3
EC number	3.1.3.5
Gene location (Human)
Chr.	Chromosome 3 (human)
End	132,368,298 bp
Gene location (Mouse)
Chr.	Chromosome 9 (mouse)
End	104,214,947 bp
RNA expression pattern
	Top expressed in
	prostate; ; sperm; ; human penis; ; urethra; ; monocyte; ; oral cavity; ; germinal epithelium; ; vulva; ; cervix epithelium; ; kidney tubule;
	Top expressed in
	lacrimal gland; ; molar; ; submandibular gland; ; lip; ; Paneth cell; ; hair follicle; ; parotid gland; ; conjunctival fornix; ; skin of back; ; secondary oocyte;
	More reference expression data
	More reference expression data
Gene ontology
Molecular function	5'-nucleotidase activity; acid phosphatase activity; thiamine phosphate phosphatase activity; phosphatase activity; lysophosphatidic acid phosphatase activity; identical protein binding; hydrolase activity; protein binding; protein homodimerization activity;
Cellular component	integral component of membrane; membrane; vesicle membrane; filopodium; intracellular anatomical structure; extracellular region; lysosomal membrane; lysosome; extracellular exosome; nucleus; extracellular space; plasma membrane; azurophil granule membrane;
Biological process	regulation of sensory perception of pain; adenosine metabolic process; nucleotide metabolic process; positive regulation of adenosine receptor signaling pathway; purine nucleobase metabolic process; thiamine metabolic process; dephosphorylation; neutrophil degranulation; protein homotetramerization;
	Sources:Amigo / QuickGO
Orthologs
	55
	56318
	ENSG00000014257
	ENSMUSG00000032561
	P15309
	Q8CE08
	NM_001099; NM_001134194; NM_001292037
	NM_019807; NM_207668
	NP_001090; NP_001127666; NP_001278966
	NP_062781; NP_997551
	Wikidata
View/Edit Human	View/Edit Mouse

Prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP), also prostatic specific acid phosphatase (PSAP), is an enzyme produced by the prostate. It may be found in increased amounts in men who have prostate cancer or other diseases.

The highest levels of acid phosphatase are found in metastasized prostate cancer. Diseases of the bone, such as Paget's disease or hyperparathyroidism, diseases of blood cells, such as sickle-cell disease or multiple myeloma or lysosomal storage diseases, such as Gaucher's disease, will show moderately increased levels.

Certain medications can cause temporary increases or decreases in acid phosphatase levels. Manipulation of the prostate gland through massage, biopsy or rectal exam before a test may increase the level.

Its physiological function may be associated with the liquefaction process of semen.^[5]

Use in prostatic cancer prognosis edit

Serum marker edit

PAP was used to monitor and assess progression of prostate cancer until the introduction of prostate specific antigen (PSA), which has now largely displaced it. Subsequent work, suggested that it has a role in prognosticating intermediate and high-risk prostate cancer, and led to renewed interest in it as a biomarker.^[6]

Immunohistochemistry edit

PAP immunohistochemical staining is often used with PSA (staining), by pathologists, to help distinguish poorly differentiated carcinomas. For example, poorly differentiated prostate adenocarcinoma (prostate cancer) and urothelial carcinoma (bladder cancer) may appear similar under the microscope, but PAP and PSA staining can help differentiate them;^[7] prostate adenocarcinoma often stains with PSA and/or PAP, while urothelial carcinoma does not.^{[citation needed]}

HIV edit

PAP may play an important role in the transmission of HIV. Researchers at the University of Ulm in Germany found that PAP forms fibers made of amyloid. They called the fibers semen-derived enhancer of virus infection (SEVI) and showed that they capture HIV virions promoting their attachment to target cells. The association of PAP with HIV may increase the ability of the virus to infect human cells "by several orders of magnitude." PAP may be a future target of efforts to combat the spread of HIV infection.^[8]

Pain suppression edit

A study at the University of North Carolina and University of Helsinki suggested that PAP could have potent antinociceptive, antihyperalgesic, and antiallodynic effects that last longer than morphine. One dose of PAP lasted for up to three days, much longer than the five hours gained with a single dose of morphine. When in distress, nerve cells release a chemical known as adenosine triphosphate (ATP) which in turn invokes a painful sensation. ATP is broken down into AMP (adenosine monophosphate), which PAP converts into adenosine, a molecule known to suppress pain.^[9]^[10]

History edit

PAP was the first useful serum tumour marker and emerged in the 1940s and 1950s.^[6]

References edit

^ ^a ^b ^c GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000014257 – Ensembl, May 2017
^ ^a ^b ^c GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000032561 – Ensembl, May 2017
^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
^ Page 1135-1136 in: Walter F. Boron (2003). Medical Physiology: A Cellular And Molecular Approaoch. Elsevier/Saunders. p. 1300. ISBN 978-1-4160-2328-9.
^ ^a ^b Taira A, Merrick G, Wallner K, Dattoli M (July 2007). "Reviving the acid phosphatase test for prostate cancer". Oncology (Williston Park, N.Y.). 21 (8): 1003–10. PMID 17715699.
^ Genega EM, Hutchinson B, Reuter VE, Gaudin PB (November 2000). "Immunophenotype of high-grade prostatic adenocarcinoma and urothelial carcinoma". Mod. Pathol. 13 (11): 1186–91. doi:10.1038/modpathol.3880220. PMID 11106075.
^ Münch J, Rücker E, Ständker L, Adermann K, Goffinet C, Schindler M, Wildum S, Chinnadurai R, Rajan D, Specht A, Giménez-Gallego G, Sánchez PC, Fowler DM, Koulov A, Kelly JW, Mothes W, Grivel JC, Margolis L, Keppler OT, Forssmann WG, Kirchhoff F (2007). "Semen-Derived Amyloid Fibrils Drastically Enhance HIV Infection". Cell. 131 (6): 1059–71. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2007.10.014. PMID 18083097. S2CID 7921205.
^ New pain relief that is eight times stronger than morphine, Daily Telegraph
^ Zylka MJ, Sowa NA, Taylor-Blake B, et al. (October 2008). "Prostatic acid phosphatase is an ectonucleotidase and suppresses pain by generating adenosine". Neuron. 60 (1): 111–22. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2008.08.024. PMC 2629077. PMID 18940592.