In 1915 Italy entered World War I under the provisions set in the Treaty of London. In exchange for its participation with the Triple Entente and in the event of victory, Italy was to obtain Austro-Hungarian territory in northern Dalmatia, including Zara, Sebenico and most of the Dalmatian islands. At the end of the war, Italian military forces invaded Dalmatia and seized control of Zara, with Admiral Enrico Millo being proclaimed the "Governor of Dalmatia".^[1] Famous Italian nationalist Gabriele d'Annunzio supported the seizure of Dalmatia, and proceeded to Zara in an Italian warship in December 1918.^[1]

During 1918, political life in Zara intensified. The dissolution of Austria-Hungary led to the renewal of national conflicts in the city. With the arrival of the Royal Italian Army in the city on 4 November 1918, the Italian faction (that was the huge majority in the city) gradually assumed control, a process which was completed on 5 December when it took over the governorship.^[2] With the Treaty of Versailles (28 June 1919) Italian claims on Dalmatia contained in the Treaty of London were nullified, but later on the agreements between Italy and the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (later Kingdom of Yugoslavia) set in the Treaty of Rapallo (12 November 1920) gave Zara with other small local territories to Italy.

The Zara enclave, a total of 104 square kilometres (40 square miles), included the city of Zara, the municipalities of Boccagnazzo/Bokanjac, Borgo Erizzo/Arbanasi, Cerno, part of Dicolo/Diklo (a total of 51 km². of territory and 17,065 inhabitants) and the islands of Lagosta and Pelagosa (53 square kilometres (20 square miles), 1,710 inhabitants). The territory was organized into a small Italian province.

World War II edit

Fascist Italy, and other Axis powers, invaded the Kingdom of Yugoslavia on April 6, 1941. Zara held a force of 9,000 Italian army soldiers and was one of the starting points of the invasion. The force under the command of General Vittorio Ambrosio defeated easily the Royal Yugoslav Army in crisis and reached in a few days Sebenico and Spalato on April 15 (2 days before Yugoslavian surrender). Civilians were previously evacuated to Ancona and Pola. Occupying Mostar and Dubrovnik (Ragusa in Italian), on April 17 they met Italian troops that had started out from Italian Albania.

Within a few weeks, Benito Mussolini required the newly formed puppet-state, the so-called Independent State of Croatia (NDH) to hand over almost all of Dalmatia (including Spalato/Split) to fascist Italy under the Rome Treaties. The city became the center of a new Italian administrative territorial entity, called Governorate of Dalmatia, that included the enlarged province of Zara, the new Province of Spalato, and the new Province of Cattaro. Under Italian Fascist reign, at the end of 1941 the Slavic population was subjected to a policy of forced Italianization (related to the history of Venetian Dalmatia^[3]). Many public works were done, like new hospitals and sewages. The Province of Zara in 1942 had a population of 211,900 inhabitants and an area of 3,179 km².

After Mussolini was removed from power on 25 July 1943 and arrested, the government of Pietro Badoglio signed an armistice with the Allies on 3 September 1943, which was made public only on 8 September 1943, and the Italian army collapsed. However, just four days later on 12 September 1943, "Il Duce", was rescued by a German military raid from his secret prison on the Gran Sasso mountain, and formed the Nazi-puppet Italian Social Republic in the north of the country. The NDH proclaimed the Rome Treaties to be void and occupied Dalmatia with German support. The Germans entered Zara first, and on September 10 the German 114th Jäger Division took over.

The city was prevented from joining the NDH on the grounds that Zara itself was not subject to the conditions of the Rome Treaties. Despite this, the NDH's leader Ante Pavelić designated Zadar as the capital of Sidraga-Ravni Kotari (one of the counties of the NDH), although its administrator was prevented from entering the city by the Italian authorities of the city. Zara remained under the local administration of the Italian Social Republic. Zara was bombed by the Allies, with serious civilian casualties. Many died in the carpet bombings, and many landmarks and centuries old works of art were destroyed. A significant number of civilians fled the city.

In late October 1944 the German army and most of the Italian civilian administration abandoned the city.^[4] On October 31, 1944, the Partisans seized the city, until then an official part of Mussolini's Italian Social Republic. At the start of World War II, Zadar had a population of 24,000 (nearly all Dalmatian Italians) but, by the end of 1944, this had decreased to 6,000.^[4] Formally, the city remained under Italian sovereignty until September 15, 1947^[5] (Paris Peace Treaty).

After World War II's end, the "Libero comune di Zara in esilio" (Free city of Zara in exile) was created by the exiled Italians of Zara, as a follow-up of the province of Zara.

The Italian exodus from the city continued and in a few years was almost total. The last stroke to the Italian presence was made by the local administration in October 1953, when the last Italian schools were closed and the students forced to move, in one day, into Yugoslavian schools, putting an end to the Romance identity of the city. Today the Italian community counts only a few hundred people, gathered into a local community (Comunità degli Italiani di Zara).^[6]

Before World War II there only a few localities in the province of Zara, like Boccagnazzo/Bokanjac and Borgo Erizzo/Arbanasi. But with the enlargement in 1941 the number grew to 20 (first in Italian the official name and then in Croatian the actual)::^[7]

• Bencovazzo / Benkovac: 2,000 inhabitants.
• Bosavia or Bosava / Božava: 1,520 inhabitants (with Berbigno, Sauro, Sestrugno and Zaglava)
• Chistagne / Kistanje: 2,000 inhabitants
• Eso Grande / Iž Veliki (Iž Veli): 1,300 inhabitants
• Nona / Nin: 4,650 inhabitants (with Brevilacqua, Peterzane, Pogliazza, Puntadura, Rasanze, Verchè and Zatton)
• Novegradi / Novigrad: 5,217 inhabitants (with Castel Venier and Possedaria)
• Obbrovazzo / Obrovac: 1,400 inhabitants (with Ortopula)
• Oltre / Preko: 7,560 inhabitants (with Cuclizza, Neviane, Pasman, S. Eufemia, Tuconio and Ugliano)
• Sale / Sali: 2,090 inhabitants (with S. Stefano e Sman)
• Scardona / Skradin: 2,000 inhabitants
• Sebenico / Šibenik: 37,854 inhabitants (with Castell'Andreise and Zablacchie)
• Selve / Silba: 4,229 inhabitants (with Isto, Melada, Premuda and Ulbo)
• Stancovazzo / Stankovići: 1,000 inhabitants
• Stretto / Tijesno: 7,190 inhabitants (with Bettina, Gessera, Morter and Slosella)
• Timeto di Zara / Smilčić: 1,000 inhabitants
• Vodizze / Vodice: 7,500 inhabitants (with Crappano, Provicchio and Zatton)
• Zara / Zadar: 25,000 inhabitants
• Zaravecchia / Biograd: 2,520 inhabitants
• Zemonico / Zemunik Donji: 1,000 inhabitants
• Zlarino / Zlarin: 3,550 inhabitants (with Capri and Zuri)

The municipality-island of Lagosta/Lastovo was transferred to the Province of Spalato.

• Governorate of Dalmatia
• History of Dalmatia
• Dalmatian Italians
• Bombing of Zadar in World War II

Notes edit

References edit

44°06′00″N 15°13′00″E / 44.1000°N 15.2167°E / 44.1000; 15.2167