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Raising a Flag over the Reichstag

Summary

Raising a Flag over the Reichstag (Russian: Знамя Победы над Рейхстагом, romanized: Znamya Pobedy nad Reykhstagom, lit. 'Victory Banner over the Reichstag') is an iconic World War II photograph, taken during the Battle of Berlin on 2 May 1945. It depicts a Soviet soldier raising the flag of the Soviet Union over the Reichstag building. The photograph was reprinted in thousands of publications and came to be regarded around the world as one of the most significant and recognizable images of World War II. Owing to the secrecy of Soviet media, the identities of the men in the picture were often disputed, as was that of the photographer, Yevgeny Khaldei. It became a symbol of the Soviet victory over Nazi Germany.

Raising a Flag over the Reichstag, by Yevgeny Khaldei

Background edit

The Battle of Berlin was the final major offensive of the European theatre of World War II and was designated the Berlin Strategic Offensive Operation by the Soviet Union.[A 1] Starting on 16 April 1945, the Red Army breached the German front as a result of the Vistula–Oder offensive and rapidly advanced westward through Germany, as fast as 30–40 kilometres a day. The offensive culminated in the battle in Berlin, which lasted from late 20 April 1945 until 2 May and was one of the bloodiest battles in history.

Erected in 1894, the Reichstag building, the historic seat of the German national legislature, was among the most recognizable buildings in Germany, with architecture considered magnificent for its time. The building contributed much to German history and was considered by the Red Army to be the symbol of their fascist enemy. To the Nazis, however, the Reichstag was instead a symbol of the weaknesses of democracy and representative government. It was severely damaged in the Reichstag fire of 1933, and by 1945 had been closed for 12 years, essentially the entirety of the Nazi reign; all subsequent meetings of the Reichstag legislature (which grew increasingly infrequent in the years following the fire as Nazi decision-making was centralized with Adolf Hitler) had been convened at the nearby Kroll Opera House instead. After fierce combat within its walls, the Soviets finally captured the Reichstag on 2 May 1945.

Taking the photograph edit

The Reichstag was seen as symbolic of, and at the heart of, Nazi Germany. It was arguably the most symbolic target in Berlin. The events surrounding the flag-raising are murky due to the confusion of the fight at the building. On 30 April there was great pressure from Stalin to take the building, in time for the International Workers' Day, 1 May.[1][dubious – discuss] Initially, two planes dropped several large red banners on the roof that appeared to have caught on the bombed-out dome. Additionally, a number of reports had reached headquarters that two parties, M. M. Bondar from the 380th Rifle Regiment and Captain V. N. Makov of the 756th might have been able to hoist a flag during the day of 30 April.[2] These reports were received by Marshal G. K. Zhukov, who issued an announcement stating that his troops had captured the Reichstag and hoisted a flag. However, when correspondents arrived, they found no Soviets in the building, rather they were pinned down outside by German fire. After fierce fighting both outside and inside the building, a flag was raised at 22:40 on 30 April 1945, when 23-year-old Rakhimzhan Qoshqarbaev climbed the building and inserted a flag into the crown of the mounted female statue of "Germania", symbolizing Germany. As this happened at night, it was too dark to take a photograph.[3] The next day the flag was taken down by the Germans.[3] The Red Army finally gained control of the entire building on 2 May.[4]

 
 
The original photo (top) was altered (bottom) by editing the watch on Ismailov's right wrist[5]

On 2 May 1945, Khaldei scaled the now pacified Reichstag to take his picture. He was carrying with him a large flag, sewn from three tablecloths for this very purpose, by his uncle.[6] The official story would later be that two hand-picked soldiers, Meliton Kantaria[A 2] (Georgian) and Mikhail Yegorov[A 3] (Russian), raised the Soviet flag over the Reichstag,[1][7][8][9] and the photograph would often be used as depicting the event. Some authors state that for political reasons the subjects of the photograph were changed and the actual man to hoist the flag was Aleksei Kovalev.[10][11] However, according to Khaldei himself, when he arrived at the Reichstag, he simply asked the soldiers who happened to be passing by to help with the staging of the photoshoot;[12][13] the one who was attaching the flag was 18-year-old Private Kovalev from Burlin, Kazakhstan[14] and the two others were Abdulkhakim Ismailov from Dagestan and Leonid Gorychev (also mentioned as Aleksei Goryachev) from Minsk.[13] The photograph was taken with a Leica III rangefinder camera with a 35mm f3.5 lens.[15]

Aftermath edit

The photo was published 13 May 1945 in the Ogonyok magazine.[5] While many photographers took pictures of flags on the roof, it was Khaldei's image that stuck.[5]

Editing edit

 
Raising a flag over the Reichstag by Yevgeny Khaldei, but with smoke added[16]

After taking the symbolic photo, Khaldei quickly returned to Moscow. He further edited the image at the request of the editor-in-chief of the Ogonyok, who noticed that Senior Sergeant Abdulkhakim Ismailov, who is supporting the flag-bearer, was wearing two watches, which could imply he had looted one of them, an action punishable by execution.[5] Using a needle, Khaldei removed the watch from the right wrist.[16][5] Later, it was claimed that the extra watch was actually an Adrianov compass[17][better source needed] and that Khaldei, in order to avoid controversy, doctored the photo to remove the watch from Ismailov's right wrist.[18][19][20] He also added smoke in the background, copying it from another picture to make the scene more dramatic.[16]

Copyrights edit

Because Khaldei worked in TASS from October 25, 1936 to October 7, 1948, his TASS photoworks, including "Raising a Flag over the Reichstag", are in public domain in Russia since January 1, 2019, because they were copyrighted by TASS, and such copyrights of a legal entity expire no later than 70 years after publication (or creation, if work was not published in proper time). It was confirmed in 2015 in the court session between the heiress of the photographer, his daughter Anna Khaldei and the publishing house «Veche» about the use of the photograph "Raising a Flag over the Reichstag" in the book "Za porogom Pobedy" (Russian: За порогом Победы, Behind the Threshold of the Victory) by Arsen Benikovich Martirosyan, where ITAR-TASS was attracted as a third person.[21]

Gallery edit

  •  
    An Azerbaijani stamp commemorating the 65th anniversary of victory in the Great Patriotic War.
  •  
    Commemorative Silver coin from Belarus depicting iconic imagery.
  •  
    Commemorative coin issued by the Bank of Russia for the 70th anniversary of Victory Day.
  •  
    Computer recreation of the Soviet flag depicted in the photo.

See also edit

Annotations edit

  1. ^ The last offensive of the European war was actually the Prague Offensive on 6–11 May 1945, when the Red Army, with the help of Polish, Romanian, and Czechoslovak forces defeated the parts of Army Group Center which continued to resist in Czechoslovakia. There were a number of minor battles and skirmishes involving small bodies of men, but no other large scale fighting that resulted in the death of thousands of people. (See The end of World War II in Europe for details on these final days of the war.)
  2. ^ Alternately spelled: Kantariya, M. V. Kantaria, Meliton Kantaria
  3. ^ Alternately spelled: M. V. Yegorov, M. A. Yegorov, Mikhail Iegorev

Bibliography edit

Notes
  1. ^ a b Dallas 2006, p. 3.
  2. ^ Tissier 1999, p. 168.
  3. ^ a b Lucas 2010.
  4. ^ Beevor 2003, pp. 390–397.
  5. ^ a b c d e Sontheimer 2008.
  6. ^ Griffin, Michael (199). "The Great War Photographs: Constructing Myths of History and Photojournalism". In Bonnie Brennen & Hanno Hardt eds., Picturing the Past: Media, History & Photography. (pp. 122–157). Urbana: University of Illinois Press. p. 144. ISBN 0-252-06769-X.
  7. ^ Tissier 1999, p. 124.
  8. ^ Antill & Dennis 2005, p. 76.
  9. ^ Adams 2008, p. 48.
  10. ^ Broekmeyer 2004, p. 130.
  11. ^ Walkowitz & Knauer 2004, p. 83.
  12. ^ "Legendäre Foto-Manipulation Fahne gefälscht, Uhr versteckt, Wolken erfunden - SPIEGEL ONLINE" (in German). Spiegel. 2008-05-06. Retrieved 2012-05-20.
  13. ^ a b "Remembering a Red Flag Day". Time. 2008-05-23. Archived from the original on May 28, 2008. Retrieved 2012-05-20.
  14. ^ "Aleksei Leontievich Kovalev". warheroes.ru (in Russian). Retrieved 3 May 2023.
  15. ^ "An historically important Leica III". Bonham's.
  16. ^ a b c Baumann 2010.
  17. ^ "The Soviet flag over the Reichstag, 1945". Rare Historical Photos. 14 November 2013. Retrieved 20 May 2020.
  18. ^ Citation error. See inline comment how to fix. [verification needed]
  19. ^ Citation error. See inline comment how to fix. [verification needed]
  20. ^ Citation error. See inline comment how to fix. [verification needed]
  21. ^ Appellate decision of the Moscow City Court on September 14, 2015 N 33-31768/2015
References
  • Adams, Simon (2008). The Eastern Front (2008 ed.). The Rosen Publishing Group. ISBN 978-1-4042-1862-8. – Total pages: 48
  • Antill, Peter; Dennis, Peter (2005). Berlin 1945: End of the Thousand Year Reich (when ed.). Osprey Publishing. ISBN 1-84176-915-0. – Total pages: 96
  • Baumann, Von Doc (2010-01-03). "Dramatische Rauchwolcken" (in German). Der Spiegel. Retrieved 2011-06-03.
  • Beevor, Antony (2003). Berlin: The Downfall 1945. London: Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-14-028696-0.
  • Broekmeyer, M. J. (2004). Stalin, the Russians, and their war: 1941-1945 (2004 ed.). University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 0-299-19594-5. – Total pages: 315
  • Conquest, Robert (1991). The Great Terror: A Reassessment (1991 ed.). Oxford University Press US. ISBN 0-19-507132-8. – Total pages: 584
  • Dallas, Gregor (2006). 1945: The War That Never Ended (2006 ed.). Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-11988-7. – Total pages: 792
  • Lenin, Vladimir (1929). Collected Works, Volume XX (1929 ed.). International Publishers. ISBN 1-4179-1577-3.
  • Lindemann, Albert S. (2000). Esau's Tears: Modern anti-semitism and the rise of the Jews (2000 ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-79538-9. – Total pages: 568
  • Lucas, Dean (2010-02-28). "Flag on the Reichstag". FamousPictures.org. Retrieved 2013-05-03.
  • Sontheimer, Michael (2008-07-05). "The Art of Soviet Propaganda: Iconic Red Army Reichstag Photo Faked". Der Spiegel. Retrieved 2011-06-03.
  • Tissier, Tony Le (1999). Race for the Reichstag: the 1945 Battle for Berlin (1999 ed.). Routledge. ISBN 0-7146-4929-5. – Total pages: 265
  • Walkowitz, Daniel J.; Knauer, Lisa Maya (2004). Memory and the impact of political transformation in public space Radical perspectives (when ed.). Duke University Press. ISBN 0-8223-3364-3. – Total pages: 326
  • "За него Геринг получил по шее" ["Göring received a neckslap because of that man". Interview with Anna Haldey]. Interview (in Russian). Nizhny Novgorod: Moskovskij Komsomolets. 2010-05-12. Archived from the original on 2013-01-13. Retrieved 2011-06-03.
  • "Iconic WWII photo honored at Berlin exhibit". USA Today. Associated Press. 2008-06-15. Retrieved 2012-05-20.
  • "Iconic WWII photo staged". USA Today. Associated Press. 2008-06-16. Retrieved 2012-05-20.
  • "The Art of Soviet Propaganda Iconic Red Army Reichstag Photo Faked - SPIEGEL ONLINE". Spiegel. 2008-05-07. Retrieved 2012-05-20.
  • "Muere el último sobreviviente de la foto más famosa del fin de la II Guerra" (in Spanish). La Tercera. 2010-02-18. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2012-05-20.
  • "Soviet soldier pictured in iconic 1945 Reichstag photo dies". The Guardian. Associated Press. 2010-02-17. Retrieved 2012-05-20.

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