Summary
A rattleback is a semi-ellipsoidal top which will rotate on its axis in a preferred direction. If spun in the opposite direction, it becomes unstable, "rattles" to a stop and reverses its spin to the preferred direction.
This spin-reversal appears to violate the law of the conservation of angular momentum.[citation needed] Moreover, for most rattlebacks the motion will happen when the rattleback is spun in one direction, but not when spun in the other. Some exceptional rattlebacks will reverse when spun in either direction.[1] This makes the rattleback a physical curiosity that has excited human imagination since prehistoric times.[2]
A rattleback may also be known as a "anagyre", "(rebellious) celt", "Celtic stone", "druid stone", "rattlerock", "Robinson Reverser", "spin bar", "wobble stone" (or "wobblestone") and by product names including "ARK", "Bizzaro Swirl", "Space Pet" and "Space Toy".
History edit
Archeologists who investigated ancient Celtic and Egyptian sites in the 19th century found celts which exhibited the spin-reversal motion.[citation needed] The antiquarian word celt (the "c" is soft, pronounced as "s") describes lithic tools and weapons shaped like an adze, axe, chisel, or hoe.
The first modern descriptions of these celts were published in the 1890s when Gilbert Walker wrote his "On a curious dynamical property of celts" for the Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society in Cambridge, England, and "On a dynamical top" for the Quarterly Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics in Somerville, Massachusetts, US.
Additional examinations of rattlebacks were published in 1909 and 1918, and by the 1950s and 1970s, several more examinations were made. But, the popular fascination with the objects has increased notably since the 1980s when no fewer than 28 examinations were published.
Size and materials edit
Rattleback artifacts are typically stone and come in various sizes. Modern ones sold as novelty puzzles and toys are generally made of plastic, wood, or glass, and come in sizes from a few inches up to 12 inches (300 mm) long. A rattleback can also be made by bending a spoon.[3] Two rattleback design types exist: they have either an asymmetrical base with a skewed rolling axis, or a symmetrical base with offset weighting at the ends.
Physics edit
The spin-reversal motion follows from the growth of instabilities on the other rotation axes, that are rolling (on the main axis) and pitching (on the crosswise axis).[4]
When there is an asymmetry in the mass distribution with respect to the plane formed by the pitching and the vertical axes, a coupling of these two instabilities arises; one can imagine how the asymmetry in mass will deviate the rattleback when pitching, which will create some rolling.
The amplified mode will differ depending on the spin direction, which explains the rattleback's asymmetrical behavior. Depending on whether it is rather a pitching or rolling instability that dominates, the growth rate will be very high or quite low.
This explains why, due to friction, most rattlebacks appear to exhibit spin-reversal motion only when spun in the pitching-unstable direction, also known as the strong reversal direction. When the rattleback is spun in the "stable direction", also known as the weak reversal direction, friction and damping often slow the rattleback to a stop before the rolling instability has time to fully build. Some rattlebacks, however, exhibit "unstable behavior" when spun in either direction, and incur several successive spin reversals per spin.[5]
Other ways to add motion to a rattleback include tapping by pressing down momentarily on either of its ends, and rocking by pressing down repeatedly on either of its ends.
For a comprehensive analysis of rattleback's motion, see V.Ph. Zhuravlev and D.M. Klimov (2008).[6] The previous papers were based on simplified assumptions and limited to studying local instability of its steady-state oscillation.
Realistic mathematical modelling of a rattleback is presented by G. Kudra and J. Awrejcewicz (2015).[7] They focused on modelling of the contact forces and tested different versions of models of friction and rolling resistance, obtaining good agreement with the experimental results.
Numerical simulations predict that a rattleback situated on a harmonically oscillating base can exhibit rich bifurcation dynamics, including different types of periodic, quasi-periodic and chaotic motions.[8]
See also edit
References edit
- ^ "Introduction to Hugh's Talk". Millennium Mathematics Project. University of Cambridge. Archived from the original on 2004-03-06. Retrieved 2013-10-19.
- ^ "celt, n.2". OED Online. September 2012. Oxford University Press. 1 October 2012 <http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/29533?isAdvanced=false&result=2&rskey=EPfrjA&>
- ^ "Technoramalecture".
- ^ "Keith Moffatt, Cambridge Univ. & KITP, Rattleback Reversals: A Prototype of Chiral Dynamics".
- ^ Garcia, A.; Hubbard, M. (8 July 1988). "Spin Reversal of the Rattleback: Theory and Experiment". Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences. 418 (1854): 165–197. Bibcode:1988RSPSA.418..165G. doi:10.1098/rspa.1988.0078. S2CID 122747632.
- ^ V.Ph. Zhuravlev and D.M. Klimov, Global motion of the celt, Mechanics of Solids, 2008, Vol. 43, No. 3, pp. 320-327.
- ^ Kudra, Grzegorz; Awrejcewicz, Jan (September 1, 2015). "Application and experimental validation of new computational models of friction forces and rolling resistance". Acta Mechanica. 226 (9): 2831–2848. doi:10.1007/s00707-015-1353-z. S2CID 122992413.
- ^ J. Awrejcewicz, G. Kudra, Mathematical modelling and simulation of the bifurcational wobblestone dynamics, Discontinuity, Nonlinearity and Complexity, 3(2), 2014, 123-132.
External links edit
- Bondi, Hermann. "The rigid body dynamics of unidirectional spin." Proceedings of the Royal Society of London for the Improvement of Natural Knowledge, vol. A405, pp. 265–74. 1986.
- Doherty, Paul. Scientific Explorations. Spoon Rattleback. 2000.
- Flinn Scientific Inc. "Celt Spoon."
- Pippard, A.B. "How to make a celt or rattleback." European Journal of Physics, vol. 11, pp. 63–4. Institute of Physics. 1990.
- Sanderson, Jonathan. Activity of the Week: Rattleback.
- Simon Fraser University: Celt. physics demonstration. Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada.
- University of Cambridge Millennium Mathematics Project "Boomerangs and Gyroscopes."