Ravn virus (today abbreviated RAVV, but then considered identical to Marburg virus) was first described in 1987 and is named after a 15-year old Danish boy who fell ill and died from it.[8] Today, the virus is classified as one of two members of the speciesMarburg marburgvirus, which is included into the genusMarburgvirus, familyFiloviridae, orderMononegavirales. The name Ravn virus is derived from Ravn (the name of the Danish patient from whom this virus was first isolated) and the taxonomicsuffixvirus.[1]
Previous designationsedit
Ravn virus was first introduced as a new subtype of Marburg virus in 1996.[8] In 2006, a whole-genome analysis of all marburgviruses revealed the existence of five distinct genetic lineages. The genomes of representative isolates of four of those lineages differed from each other by only 0-7.8% on the nucleotide level, whereas representatives of the fifth lineage, including the new "subtype", differed from those of the other lineages by up to 21.3%.[9] Consequently, the fifth genetic lineage was reclassified as a virus, Ravn virus (RAVV), distinct from the virus represented by the four more closely related lineages, Marburg virus (MARV).[1]
Virus inclusion criteriaedit
A virus that fulfills the criteria for being a member of the species Marburg marburgvirus is a Ravn virus if it has the properties of Marburg marburgviruses and if its genome diverges from that of the prototype Marburg marburgvirus, Marburg virus variant Musoke (MARV/Mus), by ≥10% but from that of the prototype Ravn virus (variant Ravn) by <10% at the nucleotide level.[1]
Diseaseedit
RAVV is one of two marburgviruses that causes Marburg virus disease (MVD) in humans (in the literature also often referred to as Marburg hemorrhagic fever, MHF). MVD due to RAVV infection cannot be differentiated from MVD caused by MARV by clinical observation alone, which is why the clinical presentation and pathology of infections by all marburgviruses is presented together on a separate page (see Marburg virus disease (MVD)). [citation needed]In the past, RAVV has caused the following MVD outbreaks:
Marburg virus disease (MVD) outbreaks due to Ravn virus (RAVV) infection
? (A total of 154 cases and 128 deaths of marburgvirus infection were recorded during this outbreak. The case fatality was 83%. Two different marburgviruses, RAVV and Marburg virus (MARV), cocirculated and caused disease. It has never been published how many cases and deaths were due to RAVV or MARV infection)[10][11][12]
In 2009, the successful isolation of infectious RAVV was reported from caught healthy Egyptian rousettes (Rousettus aegyptiacus).[13] This isolation, together with the isolation of infectious MARV, strongly suggests that Old World fruit bats are involved in the natural maintenance of marburgviruses.[13]
Referencesedit
^ abcdKuhn, J. H.; Becker, S.; Ebihara, H.; Geisbert, T. W.; Johnson, K. M.; Kawaoka, Y.; Lipkin, W. I.; Negredo, A. I.; Netesov, S. V.; Nichol, S. T.; Palacios, G.; Peters, C. J.; Tenorio, A.; Volchkov, V. E.; Jahrling, P. B. (2010). "Proposal for a revised taxonomy of the family Filoviridae: Classification, names of taxa and viruses, and virus abbreviations". Archives of Virology. 155 (12): 2083–2103. doi:10.1007/s00705-010-0814-x. PMC3074192. PMID 21046175.
^Spickler, Anna. "Ebolavirus and Marburgvirus Infections" (PDF).
^US Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) and US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). "National Select Agent Registry (NSAR)". Retrieved 2011-10-16.
^US Department of Health and Human Services. "Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition". Retrieved 2011-10-16.
^US National Institutes of Health (NIH), US National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID). "Biodefense - NIAID Category A, B, and C Priority Pathogens". Retrieved 2011-10-16.
^US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). "Bioterrorism Agents/Diseases". Archived from the original on 2014-07-22. Retrieved 2011-10-16.
^The Australia Group. "List of Biological Agents for Export Control". Archived from the original on 2011-08-06. Retrieved 2011-10-16.
^ abcJohnson, E. D.; Johnson, B. K.; Silverstein, D.; Tukei, P.; Geisbert, T. W.; Sanchez, A. N.; Jahrling, P. B. (1996). "Characterization of a new Marburg virus isolated from a 1987 fatal case in Kenya". Imported Virus Infections. Vol. 11. pp. 101–114. doi:10.1007/978-3-7091-7482-1_10. ISBN 978-3-211-82829-8. PMID 8800792. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help)
^Towner, J. S.; Khristova, M. L.; Sealy, T. K.; Vincent, M. J.; Erickson, B. R.; Bawiec, D. A.; Hartman, A. L.; Comer, J. A.; Zaki, S. R.; Ströher, U.; Gomes Da Silva, F.; Del Castillo, F.; Rollin, P. E.; Ksiazek, T. G.; Nichol, S. T. (2006). "Marburgvirus Genomics and Association with a Large Hemorrhagic Fever Outbreak in Angola". Journal of Virology. 80 (13): 6497–6516. doi:10.1128/JVI.00069-06. PMC1488971. PMID 16775337.
^Bertherat, E.; Talarmin, A.; Zeller, H. (1999). "Democratic Republic of the Congo: Between civil war and the Marburg virus. International Committee of Technical and Scientific Coordination of the Durba Epidemic". Médecine Tropicale: Revue du Corps de Santé Colonial. 59 (2): 201–204. PMID 10546197.
^Bausch, D. G.; Borchert, M.; Grein, T.; Roth, C.; Swanepoel, R.; Libande, M. L.; Talarmin, A.; Bertherat, E.; Muyembe-Tamfum, J. J.; Tugume, B.; Colebunders, R.; Kondé, K. M.; Pirad, P.; Olinda, L. L.; Rodier, G. R.; Campbell, P.; Tomori, O.; Ksiazek, T. G.; Rollin, P. E. (2003). "Risk Factors for Marburg Hemorrhagic Fever, Democratic Republic of the Congo". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 9 (12): 1531–1537. doi:10.3201/eid0912.030355. PMC3034318. PMID 14720391.
^Bausch, D. G.; Nichol, S. T.; Muyembe-Tamfum, J. J.; Borchert, M.; Rollin, P. E.; Sleurs, H.; Campbell, P.; Tshioko, F. K.; Roth, C.; Colebunders, R.; Pirard, P.; Mardel, S.; Olinda, L. A.; Zeller, H.; Tshomba, A.; Kulidri, A.; Libande, M. L.; Mulangu, S.; Formenty, P.; Grein, T.; Leirs, H.; Braack, L.; Ksiazek, T.; Zaki, S.; Bowen, M. D.; Smit, S. B.; Leman, P. A.; Burt, F. J.; Kemp, A.; Swanepoel, R. (2006). "Marburg Hemorrhagic Fever Associated with Multiple Genetic Lineages of Virus". New England Journal of Medicine. 355 (9): 909–919. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa051465. PMID 16943403. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2022-12-29. Retrieved 2018-12-31.
^ abcTowner, J. S.; Amman, B. R.; Sealy, T. K.; Carroll, S. A. R.; Comer, J. A.; Kemp, A.; Swanepoel, R.; Paddock, C. D.; Balinandi, S.; Khristova, M. L.; Formenty, P. B.; Albarino, C. G.; Miller, D. M.; Reed, Z. D.; Kayiwa, J. T.; Mills, J. N.; Cannon, D. L.; Greer, P. W.; Byaruhanga, E.; Farnon, E. C.; Atimnedi, P.; Okware, S.; Katongole-Mbidde, E.; Downing, R.; Tappero, J. W.; Zaki, S. R.; Ksiazek, T. G.; Nichol, S. T.; Rollin, P. E. (2009). Fouchier, Ron A. M. (ed.). "Isolation of Genetically Diverse Marburg Viruses from Egyptian Fruit Bats". PLOS Pathogens. 5 (7): e1000536. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1000536. PMC2713404. PMID 19649327.
^Adjemian, J.; Farnon, E. C.; Tschioko, F.; Wamala, J. F.; Byaruhanga, E.; Bwire, G. S.; Kansiime, E.; Kagirita, A.; Ahimbisibwe, S.; Katunguka, F.; Jeffs, B.; Lutwama, J. J.; Downing, R.; Tappero, J. W.; Formenty, P.; Amman, B.; Manning, C.; Towner, J.; Nichol, S. T.; Rollin, P. E. (2011). "Outbreak of Marburg Hemorrhagic Fever Among Miners in Kamwenge and Ibanda Districts, Uganda, 2007". Journal of Infectious Diseases. 204 (Suppl 3): S796–S799. doi:10.1093/infdis/jir312. PMC3203392. PMID 21987753.
Further readingedit
Klenk, Hans-Dieter (1999), Marburg and Ebola Viruses. Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology, vol. 235, Berlin, Germany: Springer-Verlag, ISBN 978-3-540-64729-4
Klenk, Hans-Dieter; Feldmann, Heinz (2004), Ebola and Marburg Viruses - Molecular and Cellular Biology, Wymondham, Norfolk, UK: Horizon Bioscience, ISBN 978-0-9545232-3-7
Kuhn, Jens H. (2008), Filoviruses - A Compendium of 40 Years of Epidemiological, Clinical, and Laboratory Studies. Archives of Virology Supplement, vol. 20, Vienna, Austria: SpringerWienNewYork, ISBN 978-3-211-20670-6
Martini, G. A.; Siegert, R. (1971). Marburg Virus Disease. Berlin, Germany: Springer-Verlag. ISBN 978-0-387-05199-4.
Ryabchikova, Elena I.; Price, Barbara B. (2004), Ebola and Marburg Viruses - A View of Infection Using Electron Microscopy, Columbus, Ohio, USA: Battelle Press, ISBN 978-1-57477-131-2
External linksedit
International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV)