Reduced mass

Summary

In physics, reduced mass is a measure of the effective inertial mass of a system with two or more particles when the particles are interacting with each other. Reduced mass allows the two-body problem to be solved as if it were a one-body problem. Note, however, that the mass determining the gravitational force is not reduced. In the computation, one mass can be replaced with the reduced mass, if this is compensated by replacing the other mass with the sum of both masses. The reduced mass is frequently denoted by (mu), although the standard gravitational parameter is also denoted by (as are a number of other physical quantities). It has the dimensions of mass, and SI unit kg.

Reduced mass is particularly useful in classical mechanics.

Equation

edit

Given two bodies, one with mass m1 and the other with mass m2, the equivalent one-body problem, with the position of one body with respect to the other as the unknown, is that of a single body of mass[1][2]   where the force on this mass is given by the force between the two bodies.

Properties

edit

The reduced mass is always less than or equal to the mass of each body:   and has the reciprocal additive property:   which by re-arrangement is equivalent to half of the harmonic mean.

In the special case that  :  

If  , then  .

Derivation

edit

The equation can be derived as follows.

Newtonian mechanics

edit

Using Newton's second law, the force exerted by a body (particle 2) on another body (particle 1) is:  

The force exerted by particle 1 on particle 2 is:  

According to Newton's third law, the force that particle 2 exerts on particle 1 is equal and opposite to the force that particle 1 exerts on particle 2:  

Therefore:  

The relative acceleration arel between the two bodies is given by:  

Note that (since the derivative is a linear operator) the relative acceleration   is equal to the acceleration of the separation   between the two particles.  

This simplifies the description of the system to one force (since  ), one coordinate  , and one mass  . Thus we have reduced our problem to a single degree of freedom, and we can conclude that particle 1 moves with respect to the position of particle 2 as a single particle of mass equal to the reduced mass,  .

Lagrangian mechanics

edit

Alternatively, a Lagrangian description of the two-body problem gives a Lagrangian of   where   is the position vector of mass   (of particle  ). The potential energy V is a function as it is only dependent on the absolute distance between the particles. If we define   and let the centre of mass coincide with our origin in this reference frame, i.e.   then  

Then substituting above gives a new Lagrangian   where   is the reduced mass. Thus we have reduced the two-body problem to that of one body.

Applications

edit

Reduced mass can be used in a multitude of two-body problems, where classical mechanics is applicable.

Moment of inertia of two point masses in a line

edit
 
Two point masses rotating around the center of mass.

In a system with two point masses   and   such that they are co-linear, the two distances   and   to the rotation axis may be found with     where   is the sum of both distances  .

This holds for a rotation around the center of mass. The moment of inertia around this axis can be then simplified to  

Collisions of particles

edit

In a collision with a coefficient of restitution e, the change in kinetic energy can be written as   where vrel is the relative velocity of the bodies before collision.

For typical applications in nuclear physics, where one particle's mass is much larger than the other the reduced mass can be approximated as the smaller mass of the system. The limit of the reduced mass formula as one mass goes to infinity is the smaller mass, thus this approximation is used to ease calculations, especially when the larger particle's exact mass is not known.

Motion of two massive bodies under their gravitational attraction

edit

In the case of the gravitational potential energy   we find that the position of the first body with respect to the second is governed by the same differential equation as the position of a body with the reduced mass orbiting a body with a mass equal to the sum of the two masses, because  

Non-relativistic quantum mechanics

edit

Consider the electron (mass me) and proton (mass mp) in the hydrogen atom.[3] They orbit each other about a common centre of mass, a two body problem. To analyze the motion of the electron, a one-body problem, the reduced mass replaces the electron mass  

This idea is used to set up the Schrödinger equation for the hydrogen atom.

See also

edit

References

edit
  1. ^ Encyclopaedia of Physics (2nd Edition), R.G. Lerner, G.L. Trigg, VHC publishers, 1991, (Verlagsgesellschaft) 3-527-26954-1, (VHC Inc.) 0-89573-752-3
  2. ^ Dynamics and Relativity, J.R. Forshaw, A.G. Smith, Wiley, 2009, ISBN 978-0-470-01460-8
  3. ^ Molecular Quantum Mechanics Parts I and II: An Introduction to Quantum Chemistry (Volume 1), P.W. Atkins, Oxford University Press, 1977, ISBN 0-19-855129-0
edit
  • Reduced Mass on HyperPhysics