The second-century CE theatre was built in the center of a semicircular colonnaded piazza which opens up to the South Gate of Palmyra.^[2] The 82-by-104-metre (269 by 341 ft) piazza was located to the south-west of the main colonnaded street. The unfinished cavea is 92 metres (302 ft) in diameter and consists only of an ima cavea, the lowest section of the cavea, directly surrounding the orchestra.^[3] The ima cavea is organized into eleven cunei of twelve rows each^[3] and faces north-northeast towards the cardo maximus.^[4] The theatre's aditus maximi, its main entrances, are 3.5 metres (11 ft) in width, and lead to a stone-paved orchestra with a diameter of 23.5 metres (77 ft). The orchestra is bounded by a circular wall with a diameter of 20.3 metres (67 ft).^[3]

The proscenium wall is decorated with ten curved and nine rectangular niches placed alternately.^[3] The stage measures 45.5 by 10.5 metres (149 by 34 ft) and is accessed by two staircases.^[5] The scaenae frons had five doors:^[6] the main entrance, or valve regia, built into a broad curved niche; two guest doors on either side of the valve regia, or valve hospitalis, built into shallow rectangular niches; and two extra doors, at either end of the stage.^[5] Emperor Nero is known to have placed his statue in the niche of the regia of the theatre at Palmyra.^[7] The columns at the stage are decorated in the Corinthian order.^[5]

In the 1950s the theatre was cleared from the sand and subsequently underwent restoration works.^[8]

The theatre hosted folk music performances for the annual Palmyra festival.^[9]

Syrian Civil War edit

ISIL occupation edit

The Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) took full control of Palmyra by May 21, 2015.^[10] In early July it released a graphic video showing 25 teenage members lining up 25 adult male captives dressed in dark fatigues, kneeling in front of them on the Palmyra theater's stage area. The ISIS members then executed all 25 captives simultaneously by shooting them in the head.^[11] According to the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights the executions took place on May 27.^[12] Mamoun Abdulkarim, Director of the Syrian government agency of antiquities and museums stated: "Using the Roman theatre to execute people proves that these people are against humanity."^[13]

Recapture by Syrian government edit

Following the recapture of Palmyra by the Syrian Army with Russian air support in March 2016, drone footage showed that the theatre remained largely intact.^[15]

On 5 May 2016, the 100th anniversary of Syria's Martyrs' Day, the theatre played host to two classical music concerts in remembrance of the victims of the civil war, including those executed at the site, and to celebrate its liberation.^{[citation needed]} The first, a 20-minute-long concert of European and Russian classical music, was played by the Mariinsky Theatre orchestra of St. Petersburg, conducted by Valery Gergiev, with soloist Sergei Roldugin.^[16] It was dedicated to Alexander Prokhorenko, a Russian special forces soldier who had sacrificed his life near Palmyra while directing air strikes against Islamic State.^[17] Russian president Vladimir Putin addressed the concert by video link, praising the participants. The Economist wrote that Putin "did everything he could to underline the concert’s message that Russia is leading the fight for Western civilisation."^[18] The second concert, during the evening, was by a Syrian orchestra and choir. The audience included Syrian and Russian military, as well as UNESCO officials, religious leaders, journalists, and locals.^[19]

US State Department Deputy Spokesperson Mark Toner said of the event "I will never denounce an orchestra playing to the citizens of a beleaguered city. [...] it’s fine. It’s good."^[20] The British foreign secretary Philip Hammond called it a "tasteless attempt to distract attention from the continued suffering of millions of Syrians"^[21] referring to an alleged Russian airstrike on a refugee camp in northern Syria, which killed at least 28 civilians.^[22]

Second ISIL occupation: partial destruction edit

ISIL took control of Palmyra once again in December 2016. Shortly after that, they completely destroyed the facade of the theater according to Mamoun Abdulkarim, Director of the Syrian government agency of antiquities and museums.^[23] Syrian authorities reported that satellite images showed signs of intentional destruction.^[24] Mikhail Piotrovsky, a scholar of the Arabic and the director of the Hermitage Museum, argued that it was an act of reprisal. In May 2016, ISIL radio had promised to stage a new "concert", in response to the classical concert staged by Russia.^[25] Drone footage shot by the Russian Ministry of Defense showed that the theater was partially destroyed. The proscenium, the central part of the stage, suffered severe damage. UNESCO head Irina Bokova characterized the destruction as a "war crime."^[26] Palmyra was retaken by Syrian government forces in early March 2017.^[27]

Restoration edit

On 23 July 2023, the Syrian Directorate-General of Antiquities and Museums and the Institute for the History of Material Culture of Russian Academy of Sciences signed an agreement to start the comprehensive restoration of theatre.^{[citation needed]} Completion of the works was set before the end of 2023.

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  Panoramic view of the theater from the cavea in 2010
•  
  Panoramic view of the cavea from the stage in 2010

• List of Roman theatres

Notes edit

Bibliography edit