Individual surgeons had been appointed to naval vessels since Tudor times.^[12] During the seventeenth century, the pressures on practitioners grew, as crews began to be exposed to unfamiliar illnesses on increasingly long sea-voyages. One response, as proposed in 1664, was the provision of hospital ships to accompany the fleet on more distant expeditions. Another was the provision of temporary shore-based hospitals, such as those briefly set up during the Anglo-Dutch Wars in such locations as Ipswich, Harwich and Plymouth (the latter being established on a more permanent footing in 1689).^[13] These, however, were 'contract' hospitals, privately owned and staffed by civilians, contracted to treat naval personnel.

By the turn of the century, permanent hospital provision was being contemplated for overseas bases. An early experiment was the prefabricated hospital set up in Jamaica by Admiral John Benbow in 1701, for which the Sick and Hurt Commissioners provided a salaried surgeon and other staff. This was followed by the provision of staffed hospitals in Lisbon in 1705 and Minorca in 1711.^[13] At home, however, the navy continued to rely on contract hospitals, such as the Fortune Hospital in Gosport (opened under contract in 1713), and similar establishments in Deal and Rochester. When additional capacity was required inns were often hired and converted into sick quarters, or beds set aside in the large London hospitals.^[14]

During the War of Jenkins' Ear, however, the system was overwhelmed by large numbers of returning sick and injured (over 15,000 in the 13 months from July 1739 to August 1740).^[13] The following year a proposal was put forward to the Admiralty for the establishment of three hospitals, to be owned, built and run by the Royal Navy, in the vicinity of the principal home ports. In 1744, with France having declared war on Britain, the decision was finally taken to establish Royal Naval Hospitals on a permanent footing in Gosport (Royal Hospital Haslar) and Stonehouse (Royal Hospital Plymouth); however a proposed third hospital (at Queenborough) was not then built, as Chatham by that time had ceased to function as a front-line base.^[13]

In the decades that followed more Royal Naval Hospitals were established, both at home and abroad. During the Napoleonic Wars there were five naval hospitals operating in England: in addition to Haslar and Plymouth, hospitals were established at Paignton (for the Channel Fleet), Great Yarmouth (for the North Sea and Baltic Fleets) and Deal.^[15] At the same time hospital ships were provided at Woolwich, Sheerness and Chatham. Gibraltar served the needs of the fleet in the Mediterranean at this time (Minorca having been ceded to Spain); while, further afield, Royal Naval Hospitals had been established in various locations including India, North America and the Caribbean.

At the start of the First World War, the three principal naval hospitals in the UK were Haslar, Plymouth and Chatham (serving the needs of the three home Commands: Portsmouth, Plymouth and The Nore); Yarmouth was also retained, as a psychiatric hospital.^[10] Smaller hospitals at Portland, South Queensferry, Pembroke Dock and Haulbowline served nearby naval dockyards; while Scotland, where the Grand Fleet was based, saw two hospitals commandeered for use by the Admiralty: Leith Public Health Hospital became Royal Hospital Granton in 1917, and the Stirling District Asylum briefly became RNH Larbert in 1918.^[16] The main overseas Royal Naval Hospitals at this time were on Malta, Gibraltar, Bermuda, the Cape of Good Hope and Hong Kong.^[10]

In the 1920s a degree of rationalisation took place: Chatham Military Hospital and Gibraltar's Royal Naval Hospital were both closed (on the understanding that Chatham's army personnel could be treated at the naval hospital there, and Gibraltar's naval personnel at the military hospital there).^[17] Not long afterwards military hospitals near Portsmouth and Plymouth were also closed on the understanding that soldiers could be treated at the nearby naval hospitals.

During the Second World War there was concern about the vulnerability of the older hospitals (which were prominent buildings close to naval dockyards) to aerial bombardment. Auxiliary hospitals were opened in safer locations around Britain (usually in requisitioned civilian hospitals, but schools, hotels and country houses were also used).^[18] Malta was also seen as vulnerable to attack, so an auxiliary hospital was opened in a wing of Victoria College, Alexandria to serve the needs of the Mediterranean Fleet.^[18] Further east, RNH Hong Kong was destroyed by bombing in 1941, leaving auxiliary hospitals in Ceylon, South Africa and Oceania to take up the strain.

A number of naval hospitals were closed (or transferred to civilian operation) in the late 1950s and early 1960s. In the 1990s, the total number of remaining Naval, Military and RAF Hospitals in the UK was progressively cut from seven, to three, to one: the naval hospital at Haslar (thenceforward to be run as a tri-service institution);^[19] by the end of the decade, its closure too had been announced.

Oversight and command edit

In the early decades of their existence, the hospitals at Haslar and Plymouth were each overseen by a 'Physician and Council' (the Physician being the senior medical officer on the staff).^[20]

In 1795, following an enquiry into the situation at Haslar, it was judged that the two naval hospitals were suffering from 'a want of proper discipline and subordination'. To counter this, the decision was taken to remove administrative oversight from the medical staff and to vest it in a trio or quartet of serving naval officers, who were given accommodation on site: the Governor (usually a post-captain) and two or three Lieutenants.^[21] This situation pertained until 1820, when the Governor was replaced by a Resident Commissioner of the Victualling Service, who had oversight of the local victualling yard as well as of the hospital.^[21] In 1840 the title of this 'dual-hatted' officer was changed to Captain-superintendent.

In 1869 an enquiry took place into the condition and organisation of the naval hospitals; the report was presented to Parliament and the following year saw the Captains-superintendent and Lieutenants of naval hospitals abolished. Afterwards, oversight reverted to the Medical Officer in Charge.^[22]

Throughout this period, the overseas hospitals (which had a far smaller staff establishment) were almost invariably overseen by the senior medical officer on station.^[23]

The Royal Naval Hospitals included:

United Kingdom edit

• Royal Naval Hospital Haslar (Gosport); opened 1753 as the Royal Hospital Haslar, designated as the tri-Service core military hospital in 1996. The military withdrew in 2007 and it closed in 2009; undergoing conversion into a residential retirement village.
• Royal Naval Hospital, Plymouth (Stonehouse); opened 1760, closed 1995, converted into flats.
• Royal Naval Hospital Great Yarmouth; opened 1793 to serve ships anchoring in Yarmouth Roads, relocated 1815, specialised in psychiatric cases from 1863; transferred to NHS 1958, closed and converted to residential flats 1993.
• Royal Naval Hospital Deal, Kent; opened 1800 to serve naval vessels anchored in The Downs, converted into Royal Marine Barracks in 1863 and occupied by the Royal Naval (later Royal Marine) School of Music from 1930 to 1996.
• Royal Naval Hospital Paignton; opened 1800 to serve the naval anchorage of Tor Bay, closed 1816.
• Melville Hospital, Chatham: opened as a Royal Marine Infirmary in 1828,^[24] became a Royal Naval Hospital in 1885;^[15] replaced by RNH Chatham in 1905 (buildings converted into RM barracks extension, demolished c.1960).
  • Royal Naval Hospital Chatham (Gillingham, Kent); opened 1905 (replacing the Melville Hospital); transferred to NHS in 1961, now Medway Maritime Hospital (NHS).
• Royal Naval Hospital, Haulbowline, Ireland; began as a temporary hospital (1820),^[13] established on a permanent footing in 1862.^[25] Transferred with the rest of the Naval Dockyard to the Irish Government in 1923.
• Royal Naval Hospital, Portland, Dorset; opened 1901, closed 1957.
• Royal Naval Hospital, Pembroke Dock; opened 1902, expanded by the RAF during World War II, transferred to the NHS in 1961^[26] (now South Pembrokeshire Hospital).
• Butlaw Naval Hospital (Royal Naval Sick Quarters, South Queensferry); small hospital opened c.1910 to serve the new Royal Dockyard at Rosyth, expanded during World War I, closed 1928.
  • Royal Naval Hospital Port Edgar opened in 1939,^[27] remained active throughout World War II;^[28] closed 1950.^[29]
• Royal Naval Hospital Granton; opened January 1917 to serve vessels based in Scottish waters,^[30] closed 1920.

Overseas edit

Hospitals were established close to several of the overseas Naval Yards, including:

• Royal Naval Hospital, Port Mahon, Menorca (1711), built on the Illa del Rei in the harbour, ceded to Spain 1782 but remained in use thereafter until c.1960.
• Royal Naval Hospital, Port Royal, Jamaica (1743) rebuilt 1755 and 1818, closed 1905.
• Old Naval Hospital, Gibraltar (1741) closed in 1922 (and subsequently served as naval married quarters); buildings survive having been converted into housing.
  • Royal Naval Hospital Gibraltar (1963) (established as a Military Hospital in 1903), closed in 2008.
• Royal Naval Hospital, Madras (1745), closed in 1790, new hospital opened 1808, closed 1831 (became a gun-carriage factory).^[31]
• Royal Naval Hospital, English Harbour, Antigua (1763) destroyed by a hurricane and rebuilt 1783, closed 1825.
• Royal Naval Hospital, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada (1782) rebuilt 1863, closed 1911 (taken over by the Royal Naval College of Canada).
• Royal Naval Hospital, Simon's Town, Cape of Good Hope (1813), rebuilt on higher ground in 1899 (an aerial ropeway provided access from 1904 to 1934), closed 1957. Buildings currently used by South African Navy Band.^[32]
• Royal Naval Hospital, Bermuda (1818), closed in 1957, demolished in 1972 (except the zymotic (isolation) block of 1899, which is now an old people's home). In 1976, the world's biggest underwater set, containing a submerged shipwreck sound stage, was built at the site of the demolished main building while filming the movie The Deep.^[33]
• Royal Naval Hospital, Georgetown, Ascension Island (1831) remains in use as a civilian hospital.
• Royal Naval Hospital, Bighi, Malta (1832), closed 1970.
  • Royal Naval Hospital, Mtarfa, Malta (1970) (established as a Military Hospital in 1912), closed 1978.
• Royal Naval Hospital, Esquimalt, British Columbia, Canada (1855) rebuilt 1887–91, closed 1922.
• Royal Naval Hospital, Trincomalee Garrison, Ceylon (present-day Sri Lanka) (1871).
• Royal Naval Hospital, Wanchai, Hong Kong (1873), destroyed 1941 (site became Ruttonjee Hospital).
  • New naval hospital (War Memorial Hospital) Hong Kong (1949), closed 1959 (site taken over by the nearby Matilda Hospital).
• Royal Naval Hospital, Yokohama, Japan (1876), (the Hong Kong hospital establishment routinely moved to Yokohama each summer);^[13] destroyed in the Great Earthquake of 1923.

Other naval hospitals were established in other overseas locations, usually in the vicinity of other small naval establishments (e.g. coaling or supply yards) including on Long Island, New York (1779), Newfoundland, St Lucia (1783), Kingston, Ontario (1813–14), Barbados (1815), Fernando Po, Mauritius and Wei-Hai-Wei.

During the Second World War around twenty 'R.N. Auxiliary Hospitals' were established in various locations, at home and abroad, on a temporary basis.^[34]

Royal Naval Sick Quarters (defined in the 20th century as being 'junior to a general hospital, but senior to a sick bay'^[10]) have been established at various times (especially at time of war) and in various places, as required. In 1818 there were nineteen listed (including three in Ireland, two in Scotland, two in Wales and one on the Isle of Man), each overseen by a 'Surgeon & Agent' serving as both medical officer and administrator.^[35] In 1833 there were fifty,^[36] and by 1859 over 200 were listed, from Abercastle and Aberdeen to Yealm and Youghal (plus a single overseas RN Sick Quarters in Valparaíso).^[37]

During the Second World War numerous Sick Quarters were established ('sometimes almost overnight') to meet the needs of the moment: by 1945 there were over a hundred such facilities operating at home and several dozen abroad.^[10]

Royal Marine Infirmaries were established near the divisional headquarters in Chatham, Deal, Plymouth, Portsmouth and Woolwich, along with a separate Royal Marine Artillery Infirmary at Gun Wharf Barracks, Portsmouth (which later moved, together with the RMA, to nearby Fort Cumberland).^[38]

Greenwich Hospital, which predated all the above institutions, was established on somewhat different grounds, as it cared for retired seamen rather than those on active service. Also called the Royal Hospital for Seamen in Greenwich, it was a home for Greenwich pensioners, established in 1692, and although closed at Greenwich in 1869 still exists as a charity. Its buildings housed the Royal Naval College, Greenwich between 1873 and 1998 and are now open to the public as the Old Royal Naval College.