Rubus_hawaiensis Knowpia

Rubus hawaiensis
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Eudicots
Clade:	Rosids
Order:	Rosales
Family:	Rosaceae
Genus:	Rubus
Species:	R. hawaiensis
Binomial name
	Rubus hawaiensis; A. Gray
Synonyms
	Rubus hawaiiensis A. Gray;

Rubus hawaiensis, also called the ʻĀkala, is one of two species (with R. macraei) commonly known as Hawaiian raspberry, endemic to Hawaii. It is found on the islands of Kauaʻi, Molokaʻi, Maui, O'ahu, and Hawaiʻi in mesic to wet forest at elevations of 600–3,070 m (1,970–10,070 ft).^[3] In most areas it is not common, but in some places (such as the upper Koʻolau Gap in Haleakalā and Laupāhoehoe Natural Area Reserve) it can be a dominant member of the understory vegetation. Although superficially similar to the other Hawaiian species, Rubus macraei, the two are believed to be derived from separate dispersals to Hawaii.^[4]

Description edit

Rubus hawaiensis is a deciduous shrub, typically growing as a clump of erect or (when longer) arching canes, 1.5–3 m (4.9–9.8 ft) long.^[5] The leaves are compound, with three leaflets. The fruit is red, large (up to 4 cm or 1.6 in long and 2.5 cm or 0.98 in wide), and edible but not often eaten, as it is sour and somewhat bitter.

Although frequently described as prickle-free ("thornless"), and often used as an example of loss of defenses in island plants, most plants do have thin prickles at least when small. As the cane grows the outer layer of bark usually sheds, taking the prickles with it. Interest in breeding "thornless" varieties of edible raspberries (possibly even with distantly related species since most Rubus readily hybridize) has led to the introduction of several species of continental Rubus species which have since escape cultivation and become serious pests. These include the yellow Himalayan raspberry, Rubus ellipticus, and the Florida prickly blackberry, R. penetrans (R. argutus^[6]).

Impact edit

The presence of invasive alien Rubus species along with two native species has led to a debate on biological control. Specifically, whether an agent that might be able to control the alien species should be released even if it may have serious impacts on the native species, if the latter are not part of a major evolutionary diversification and not a major part of most ecosystems. Some^[who?] would argue that it is worth sacrificing a small component in order to save the whole ecosystem, while others^[who?] say that humans should not be multiplying the damage they have already caused by introducing the aliens.

Mythology edit

This berry is believed to be the land counterpart to the limu kala both appearing in the first period of creation (wā) as mentioned in the Kumulipo.^[7]^: p60

References edit

^ "Rubus hawaiensis". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 2010-06-27.
^ Tropicos, Rubus hawaiiensis A. Gray
^ "ʻakala, ʻakalakala, kala". Hawaiian Ethnobotany Online Database. Bernice P. Bishop Museum. Retrieved 2011-12-29.
^ Howarth, Dianella; Gardner, Donald; Morden, Clifford (1997). "Phylogeny of Rubus subgenus Idaeobatus (Rosaceae) and its implications toward colonization of the Hawaiian islands". Systematic Botany. 22 (3): 433–441. doi:10.2307/2419819. JSTOR 2419819.
^ United States Exploring Expedition. During the years 1838, 1839, 1840, 1841, 1842. Under the Command of Charles Wilkes, U.S.N. vol. XV. Botany. Phanerogamia by Asa Gray with a Folia Atlas of 100 Plates. Part 1. Philadelphia, 1858.
^ "USDA PLANTS database".
^ Martha Warren Beckwith (1951). "Ten: Birth of Sea and Land Life". The Kumulipo: A Hawaiian Creation Chant (1981 paperback ed.). University of Hawaii Press. pp. 55–60. ISBN 0-8248-0771-5.