Mohilever was born in Głębokie (now Hlybokaye, Belarus) and studied in the Volozhin Yeshiva.

After the pogroms following the May Laws, he helped found the Hovevei Zion in Warsaw.

Mohilever was active in the propagandist and organizational affairs as well as labors on behalf of colonization in Palestine. In 1882 he went to Paris to meet a young Edmond James de Rothschild, and convinced him to take an interest in the struggling settlers in Israel and to financially support a settlement called Ekron (now Mazkeret Batya).

Mohilever was made the rabbi of Białystok in 1883. He dedicated himself to promoting Zionism by convincing Białystok's Jews to move to Petah Tikva, then a struggling settlement.

In 1893 there were a series of disagreements between Rabbi Mohilever and the main offices of Chovevei L'Tzion in Odessa, which was largely secularist and directed by Leo Pinsker. This led to a decision for Chovevei L'Tzion to make another center under Mohilever's leadership. This new branch was named Mizrachi, (מִזְרָחִי, a notarikon (Hebrew abbreviation) of מרכז רוחני, merkaz ruhani – "spiritual centre"). Their task was to educate orthodox Jews about the concept of Zionism. But despite the religious differences, Rabbi Mohilever made the wise decision to remain part of the Chovevei L'Tzion movement. Nonetheless, Mohilever put constant pressure on the national movement to meet with the requirements of the Orthodox Jews.

In 1884, Mohilever was elected to the presidency of the Hovevei Zion conference, with Leon Pinsker serving as chairman. Mohilever served as chairman in the 1887 and 1889 conferences. Many of his contributions were of a religious nature - Mohilever ensured that Jewish farming in Palestine complied with Jewish laws and tradition by setting up a rabbinical committee to oversee it.

In 1897, Mohilever sent a message to the First Zionist Congress: "It is essential," he wrote, "that the Congress unite all 'Sons of Zion' who are true to our cause to work in complete harmony and fraternity, even if there be among them differences of opinion regarding religion."

Rabbi Mohilever and his colleagues continued their work, especially among Orthodox Jews, and as a result, Mizrachi became the foundation of the Religious Zionist movement. In 1902, four years after Rabbi Shmuel’s death, Mizrachi officially joined the Zionist Organization.

When, in 1901, Rabbi Yitzchak Yaacov Reines and several other of Mohilever's disciples re-established the organization, they did so with the same stance, spirit, and name. Mohilever had successfully inspired the amalgamation of traditional Jewish orthodoxy with practical Zionism.^[1]

His last letter to the Jews of Russia before his death urged them to work to achieve a deep attachment to the commandment to settle in Israel, which he said is “the foundation of the existence of our people.”

The kibbutz Gan Shmuel was named after Mohilever.

• Isidor Schalit, obituary of Shmuel Mohilever, Die Welt II/24, June 17, 1898, pp. 2–3
• David Bridger, Samuel Wolk: The New Jewish Encyclopedia. Behrman House, New York (NYC/USA) 1976, ISBN 0-87441-120-3, p. 326
• Yoel Yarden, Rabbi Shmuel Mohliver's Educational Philosophy 1873-1874, Studies in Education, University of Haifa, No. 33, March 1982 (Hebrew)

• The personal papers of Samuel Mohilever are kept at the Central Zionist Archives in Jerusalem. The notation of the record group is A9\62-63.