Samuelson is an English-language patronymic surname meaning "son of Samuel". There are alternative spellings such as the Scandinavian-origin Samuelsson and Samuelsen. It is uncommon as a given name. Samuelson may refer to:

• Sir Bernhard Samuelson (1820–1905), British industrialist and educationalist
• Cecil O. Samuelson (born 1941), American physician, president of Brigham Young University
• Don Samuelson (1913–2000), American politician from Idaho
• Emily Samuelson (born 1990), American ice dancer
• G. B. Samuelson (1888–1947), British filmmaker
• Godfrey Samuelson (1863–1941), British politician, member of parliament 1887–92
• Gar Samuelson (1958–1999), American drummer for the band Megadeth
• Sir Henry Samuelson (1845–1937), English politician
• Karlie Samuelson (born 1995), American basketball player
• Katie Lou Samuelson (born 1997), American basketball player
• Linda C. Samuelson (born 1954), American physiologist
• Marc Samuelson, British television and film producer
• Marcus Samuelsson (born 1970), Ethiopia-born Swedish restaurateur
• Martha Samuelson, American business consultant
• Mikael Samuelson (born 1951), Swedish stage actor
• Pamela Samuelson, American professor of law at the University of California, Berkeley
• Paul Samuelson (1915–2009), American economist
• Peter Samuelson (born 1951), American filmmaker and philanthropist
• Ralph Samuelson (1903–1977), American inventor of water skiing
• Robert J. Samuelson (born 1945), American journalist, contributing editor for Newsweek and The Washington Post
• Ruth Samuelson (1959–2017), American politician
• Sivert Samuelson (1883–1958), South African cricketer
• Svend Samuelson (1825–1891), American farmer and politician
• Sir Sydney Samuelson (1925–2022), British film producer
• Victor Samuelson (born 1937), American businessman