Sharma enrolled as an advocate on 1 September 1984 and became one of the leading lawyers of Madhya Pradesh. In 2003, he was designated as a Senior Advocate by the High Court of Madhya Pradesh at the young age of 42 being one of the youngest senior advocates of Madhya Pradesh High Court. He practiced in constitutional, service, civil and criminal matters in the High Court of Madhya Pradesh.^[2][3] He was elevated as an additional judge of the Madhya Pradesh High Court on 18 January 2008 and permanent on 15 January 2010. He was transferred as judge of the Karnataka High Court on 31 December 2020 and took oath on 4 January 2021. Sharma was later appointed acting chief justice of the Karnataka High Court on 31 August 2021 consequent upon the appointment of A. S. Oka as a judge of Supreme Court of India. He was elevated as chief justice of the Telangana High Court on 11 October 2021. He was transferred as chief justice of the Delhi High Court on 28 June 2022.

Sharma graduated with a Bachelor of Science degree in 1981 with distinction in three subjects. He was awarded National Merit Scholarship for Post Graduate Studies. He enrolled as a student of law in Dr. Hari Singh Gour University, Sagar in 1981. Graduated on top of the class and obtained a Bachelor of Laws degree in 1984 with three university Gold Medals.^[2][3]

His father, Dr. B N Sharma apart from being an agriculturalist, was also an eminent academician who served as a professor of Jabalpur University and as the Vice Chancellor of Barkatullah University. His mother, Shrimati Shanti Sharma was a principal in Maharani Lakshmibai Higher Secondary school and also worked as district education officer at Jabalpur before retirement.^[2][3]

Sharma is on the advisory board of Law Journal published by National Law Institute University, Bhopal.^[2][3]