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Saura calendar

Summary

Saura is a term which refers to the solar days and months in Vedic era and medieval Indian calendars, to differentiate them from lunar system in the lunisolar calendars.[1]

Saura connotes sun (surya).

Etymology edit

Saura is a term found in Indian religions, and it connotes "sun" (Surya) or anything "solar"-related.[1][2]

The earliest mention of the term Saura is in Vedic and Upanishadic texts of Hinduism. For example, it appears in chapter 7.2 of the Sankhayana Aranyaka embedded in the Rigveda,[3] and in the Maitri Upanishad, in both it contextually means Surya. In the Mahabharata and the Puranas, the term is used to refer to the Sauras, worshippers of the sun deity.[2] In esoteric Buddhism, the term appears in the context of yogi and deity, with alternate spelling of savara.[4]

Overview edit

The solar day and months in the Vedic era calendars and in the medieval Indian calendars are prefaced as saura, to differentiate them from lunar system in the lunisolar calendars.[1] However, the name of saura months in Vedic texts and medieval texts are different, with the medieval era linking it to the zodiac system that is same as and influenced by the Greek zodiac system. Timekeeping as well as the nature of solar and moon movements are mentioned in Vedic texts.[5] For example, Kaushitaki Brahmana chapter 19.3 mentions the shift in the relative location of the sun towards north for 6 months, and south for 6 months.[6][7]

A saura (Sanskrit: सौर) day is defined in medieval Hindu texts as the period during which the sun stays within one degree of an ecliptic arc. A saura month is defined in two ways. One, as the period in which the sun stays within one zodiac sign. Second, as the period of thirty intervals of sunrises.[2]

A complete list of saura months of the Vedic era is found in the Yajurveda (~1000 BCE). It is so different from the names of ancient Persian/Avestan months, according to Louis Gray, that it "precludes any possibility of mutual influence" between their two calendar system.[8][9]

The Vedic solar months were grouped into six by the names given to the months. The "sweet" months – Madhu and Madhava – corresponded to spring. The "bright" months to summer, the "cloudy" names to monsoons, the "sapful" nomenclature for autumn harvest, the "forceful" to winter, and the "ascetic" names – Tapas and Tapasya – reminding of two months of meditation and austere life.[8] Both the Vedic saura month names and the zodiac-based month names are found in different chapters of the Bhagavata Purana. Its chapter 12.11, contains almost identical solar month names as the Yajurveda, with the exception of Sahasya which is named as Pusya.[10] Further, the Bhagavata Purana links each Vedic solar month to one of the twelve Adityas.[10]

Saura months in Hindu texts[1][11]
Vedic Medieval Linked Aditya[10]
Madhu Meṣa Mar-Apr Dhata
Madhava Vṛṣabha Apr-May Aryama
Sukra Mithuna May-Jun Mitra
Suchi Karka Jun-Jul Varuna
Nabhas Siṃha Jul-Aug Indra
Nabhasya Kanya Aug-Sep Vivasvan
Issa Tula Sep-Oct Tvasta
Urja Vrscika Oct-Nov Vishnu
Sahas Dhanus Nov-Dec Amsu
Sahasya Makara Dec-Jan Bhaga
Tapas Kumbha Jan-Feb Pusa
Tapasya Mina Feb-Mar Parjanya

Earlier scholars believed that the sun (saura), moon (soma), planets, zodiac-based astrology systems now called Hindu astrology is a field that developed in the centuries after the arrival of Greek astrology with Alexander, [12][13][14] because their zodiac signs are nearly identical. But it has been proven that Greeks learned this knowledge from early Indians.[15]

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ a b c d Nachum Dershowitz; Edward M. Reingold (2008). Calendrical Calculations. Cambridge University Press. pp. 123–128. ISBN 978-0-521-88540-9.
  2. ^ a b c Monier Monier-Williams, सौर, saura, Sanskrit-English Dictionary and Etymology, Oxford University Press, page 1254
  3. ^ Arthur Anthony Macdonell; Arthur Berriedale Keith (1995). Vedic Index of Names and Subjects. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 392 footnote for Sura–vira Mandukya. ISBN 978-81-208-1333-5.
  4. ^ Miranda Eberle Shaw (2006). Buddhist Goddesses of India. Princeton University Press. pp. 201–202, 478 note 34. ISBN 0-691-12758-1.
  5. ^ Yukio Ohashi 1993, pp. 185–251.
  6. ^ Yukio Ohashi 1999, p. 720.
  7. ^ Kim Plofker 2009, pp. 35–42.
  8. ^ a b Louis H. Gray (1904), The Origin of the Names of the Avesta Months, The American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures, University of Chicago Press, Vol. 20, No. 3 (Apr., 1904), pp. 194-201
  9. ^ Peter, John. "Zodiac Signs". Retrieved 15 December 2022.
  10. ^ a b c Richard L. Thompson (2007). The Cosmology of the Bhagavata Purana: Mysteries of the Sacred Universe. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 66. ISBN 978-81-208-1919-1.
  11. ^ B. Richmond (1956). Time Measurement and Calendar Construction. Brill Archive. pp. 79, 77–82.
  12. ^ Yukio Ohashi 1999, pp. 719–721.
  13. ^ Pingree 1981.
  14. ^ Erik Gregersen (2011). The Britannica Guide to the History of Mathematics. The Rosen Publishing Group. p. 187. ISBN 978-1-61530-127-0.
  15. ^ James Lochtefeld (2002), "Jyotisha" in The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Vol. 1: A–M, Rosen Publishing, ISBN 0-8239-2287-1, pages 326–327

Bibliography edit

  • Kim Plofker (2009). Mathematics in India. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-12067-6.
  • Pingree, David (1981), Jyotihśāstra : Astral and Mathematical Literature, Otto Harrassowitz, ISBN 978-3447021654
  • Yukio Ohashi (1999). Johannes Andersen (ed.). Highlights of Astronomy, Volume 11B. Springer Science. ISBN 978-0-7923-5556-4.
  • Yukio Ohashi (1993). "Development of Astronomical Observations in Vedic and post-Vedic India". Indian Journal of History of Science. 28 (3).

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