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Scattered space 
Summary
In mathematics, a scattered space is a topological space X that contains no nonempty dense-in-itself subset.[1][2] Equivalently, every nonempty subset A of X contains a point isolated in A.
A subset of a topological space is called a scattered set if it is a scattered space with the subspace topology.
Examples edit
- Every discrete space is scattered.
- Every ordinal number with the order topology is scattered. Indeed, every nonempty subset A contains a minimum element, and that element is isolated in A.
- A space X with the particular point topology, in particular the Sierpinski space, is scattered. This is an example of a scattered space that is not a T1 space.
- The closure of a scattered set is not necessarily scattered. For example, in the Euclidean plane take a countably infinite discrete set A in the unit disk, with the points getting denser and denser as one approaches the boundary. For example, take the union of the vertices of a series of n-gons centered at the origin, with radius getting closer and closer to 1. Then the closure of A will contain the whole circle of radius 1, which is dense-in-itself.
Properties edit
- In a topological space X the closure of a dense-in-itself subset is a perfect set. So X is scattered if and only if it does not contain any nonempty perfect set.
- Every subset of a scattered space is scattered. Being scattered is a hereditary property.
- Every scattered space X is a T0 space. (Proof: Given two distinct points x, y in X, at least one of them, say x, will be isolated in . That means there is neighborhood of x in X that does not contain y.)
- In a T0 space the union of two scattered sets is scattered.[3][4] Note that the T0 assumption is necessary here. For example, if with the indiscrete topology, and are both scattered, but their union, , is not scattered as it has no isolated point.
- Every T1 scattered space is totally disconnected. (Proof: If C is a nonempty connected subset of X, it contains a point x isolated in C. So the singleton is both open in C (because x is isolated) and closed in C (because of the T1 property). Because C is connected, it must be equal to . This shows that every connected component of X has a single point.)
- Every second countable scattered space is countable.[5]
- Every topological space X can be written in a unique way as the disjoint union of a perfect set and a scattered set.[6][7]
- Every second countable space X can be written in a unique way as the disjoint union of a perfect set and a countable scattered open set. (Proof: Use the perfect + scattered decomposition and the fact above about second countable scattered spaces, together with the fact that a subset of a second countable space is second countable.) Furthermore, every closed subset of a second countable X can be written uniquely as the disjoint union of a perfect subset of X and a countable scattered subset of X.[8] This holds in particular in any Polish space, which is the contents of the Cantor–Bendixson theorem.
Notes edit
- ^ Steen & Seebach, p. 33
- ^ Engelking, p. 59
- ^ See proposition 2.8 in Al-Hajri, Monerah; Belaid, Karim; Belaid, Lamia Jaafar (2016). "Scattered Spaces, Compactifications and an Application to Image Classification Problem". Tatra Mountains Mathematical Publications. 66: 1–12. doi:10.1515/tmmp-2016-0015. S2CID 199470332.
- ^ "General topology - in a $T_0$ space the union of two scattered sets is scattered".
- ^ "General topology - Second countable scattered spaces are countable".
- ^ Willard, problem 30E, p. 219
- ^ "General topology - Uniqueness of decomposition into perfect set and scattered set".
- ^ "Real analysis - is Cantor-Bendixson theorem right for a general second countable space?".
References edit
- Engelking, Ryszard, General Topology, Heldermann Verlag Berlin, 1989. ISBN 3-88538-006-4
- Steen, Lynn Arthur; Seebach, J. Arthur Jr. (1995) [1978]. Counterexamples in Topology (Dover reprint of 1978 ed.). Berlin, New York: Springer-Verlag. ISBN 978-0-486-68735-3. MR 0507446.
- Willard, Stephen (2004) [1970], General Topology (Dover reprint of 1970 ed.), Addison-Wesley