Let ${\displaystyle {\mathcal {A}}}$  be a *-algebra. An element ${\displaystyle a\in {\mathcal {A}}}$  is called self-adjoint if ${\displaystyle a=a^{*}}$ .^[1]

The set of self-adjoint elements is referred to as ${\displaystyle {\mathcal {A}}_{sa}}$ .

A subset ${\displaystyle {\mathcal {B}}\subseteq {\mathcal {A}}}$  that is closed under the involution *, i.e. ${\displaystyle {\mathcal {B}}={\mathcal {B}}^{*}}$ , is called self-adjoint.^[2]

A special case of particular importance is the case where ${\displaystyle {\mathcal {A}}}$  is a complete normed *-algebra, that satisfies the C*-identity (${\displaystyle \left\|a^{*}a\right\|=\left\|a\right\|^{2}\ \forall a\in {\mathcal {A}}}$ ), which is called a C*-algebra.

Especially in the older literature on *-algebras and C*-algebras, such elements are often called hermitian.^[1] Because of that the notations ${\displaystyle {\mathcal {A}}_{h}}$ , ${\displaystyle {\mathcal {A}}_{H}}$  or ${\displaystyle H({\mathcal {A}})}$  for the set of self-adjoint elements are also sometimes used, even in the more recent literature.

• Each positive element of a C*-algebra is self-adjoint.^[3]
• For each element ${\displaystyle a}$  of a *-algebra, the elements ${\displaystyle aa^{*}}$  and ${\displaystyle a^{*}a}$  are self-adjoint, since * is an involutive antiautomorphism.^[4]
• For each element ${\displaystyle a}$  of a *-algebra, the real and imaginary parts ${\textstyle \operatorname {Re} (a)={\frac {1}{2}}(a+a^{*})}$  and ${\textstyle \operatorname {Im} (a)={\frac {1}{2\mathrm {i} }}(a-a^{*})}$  are self-adjoint, where ${\displaystyle \mathrm {i} }$  denotes the imaginary unit.^[1]
• If ${\displaystyle a\in {\mathcal {A}}_{N}}$  is a normal element of a C*-algebra ${\displaystyle {\mathcal {A}}}$ , then for every real-valued function ${\displaystyle f}$ , which is continuous on the spectrum of ${\displaystyle a}$ , the continuous functional calculus defines a self-adjoint element ${\displaystyle f(a)}$ .^[5]

Let ${\displaystyle {\mathcal {A}}}$  be a *-algebra. Then:

• Let ${\displaystyle a\in {\mathcal {A}}}$ , then ${\displaystyle a^{*}a}$  is self-adjoint, since ${\displaystyle (a^{*}a)^{*}=a^{*}(a^{*})^{*}=a^{*}a}$ . A similarly calculation yields that ${\displaystyle aa^{*}}$  is also self-adjoint.^[6]
• Let ${\displaystyle a=a_{1}a_{2}}$  be the product of two self-adjoint elements ${\displaystyle a_{1},a_{2}\in {\mathcal {A}}_{sa}}$ . Then ${\displaystyle a}$  is self-adjoint if ${\displaystyle a_{1}}$  and ${\displaystyle a_{2}}$  commutate, since ${\displaystyle (a_{1}a_{2})^{*}=a_{2}^{*}a_{1}^{*}=a_{2}a_{1}}$  always holds.^[1]
• If ${\displaystyle {\mathcal {A}}}$  is a C*-algebra, then a normal element ${\displaystyle a\in {\mathcal {A}}_{N}}$  is self-adjoint if and only if its spectrum is real, i.e. ${\displaystyle \sigma (a)\subseteq \mathbb {R} }$ .^[5]

Let ${\displaystyle {\mathcal {A}}}$  be a *-algebra. Then:

• Each element ${\displaystyle a\in {\mathcal {A}}}$  can be uniquely decomposed into real and imaginary parts, i.e. there are uniquely determined elements ${\displaystyle a_{1},a_{2}\in {\mathcal {A}}_{sa}}$ , so that ${\displaystyle a=a_{1}+\mathrm {i} a_{2}}$  holds. Where ${\textstyle a_{1}={\frac {1}{2}}(a+a^{*})}$  and ${\textstyle a_{2}={\frac {1}{2\mathrm {i} }}(a-a^{*})}$ .^[1]
• The set of self-adjoint elements ${\displaystyle {\mathcal {A}}_{sa}}$  is a real linear subspace of ${\displaystyle {\mathcal {A}}}$ . From the previous property, it follows that ${\displaystyle {\mathcal {A}}}$  is the direct sum of two real linear subspaces, i.e. ${\displaystyle {\mathcal {A}}={\mathcal {A}}_{sa}\oplus \mathrm {i} {\mathcal {A}}_{sa}}$ .^[7]
• If ${\displaystyle a\in {\mathcal {A}}_{sa}}$  is self-adjoint, then ${\displaystyle a}$  is normal.^[1]
• The *-algebra ${\displaystyle {\mathcal {A}}}$  is called a hermitian *-algebra if every self-adjoint element ${\displaystyle a\in {\mathcal {A}}_{sa}}$  has a real spectrum ${\displaystyle \sigma (a)\subseteq \mathbb {R} }$ .^[8]

Let ${\displaystyle {\mathcal {A}}}$  be a C*-algebra and ${\displaystyle a\in {\mathcal {A}}_{sa}}$ . Then:

• For the spectrum ${\displaystyle \left\|a\right\|\in \sigma (a)}$  or ${\displaystyle -\left\|a\right\|\in \sigma (a)}$  holds, since ${\displaystyle \sigma (a)}$  is real and ${\displaystyle r(a)=\left\|a\right\|}$  holds for the spectral radius, because ${\displaystyle a}$  is normal.^[9]
• According to the continuous functional calculus, there exist uniquely determined positive elements ${\displaystyle a_{+},a_{-}\in {\mathcal {A}}_{+}}$ , such that ${\displaystyle a=a_{+}-a_{-}}$  with ${\displaystyle a_{+}a_{-}=a_{-}a_{+}=0}$ . For the norm, ${\displaystyle \left\|a\right\|=\max(\left\|a_{+}\right\|,\left\|a_{-}\right\|)}$  holds.^[10] The elements ${\displaystyle a_{+}}$  and ${\displaystyle a_{-}}$  are also referred to as the positive and negative parts. In addition, ${\displaystyle |a|=a_{+}+a_{-}}$  holds for the absolute value defined for every element ${\textstyle |a|=(a^{*}a)^{\frac {1}{2}}}$ .^[11]
• For every ${\displaystyle a\in {\mathcal {A}}_{+}}$  and odd ${\displaystyle n\in \mathbb {N} }$ , there exists a uniquely determined ${\displaystyle b\in {\mathcal {A}}_{+}}$  that satisfies ${\displaystyle b^{n}=a}$ , i.e. a unique ${\displaystyle n}$ -th root, as can be shown with the continuous functional calculus.^[12]

• Self-adjoint matrix
• Self-adjoint operator

• Blackadar, Bruce (2006). Operator Algebras. Theory of C*-Algebras and von Neumann Algebras. Berlin/Heidelberg: Springer. p. 63. ISBN 3-540-28486-9.
• Dixmier, Jacques (1977). C*-algebras. Translated by Jellett, Francis. Amsterdam/New York/Oxford: North-Holland. ISBN 0-7204-0762-1. English translation of Les C*-algèbres et leurs représentations (in French). Gauthier-Villars. 1969.
• Kadison, Richard V.; Ringrose, John R. (1983). Fundamentals of the Theory of Operator Algebras. Volume 1 Elementary Theory. New York/London: Academic Press. ISBN 0-12-393301-3.
• Palmer, Theodore W. (2001). Banach algebras and the general theory of*-algebras: Volume 2,*-algebras. Cambridge university press. ISBN 0-521-36638-0.