Selkup_language Knowpia

Selkup
Selkup
чу́мэл шэ, тюйкуй келл, шё̄шӄуй шэ̄, сӱ̄ссыӷӯй сэ̄, шöйӄумый эты
Native to	Russia
Region	Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug
Ethnicity	Selkup people
Native speakers	1,600 (2020 census)
Language family	Uralic Samoyedic (core) Kamas–Selkup Selkup; ; ; ;
Language codes
ISO 639-2	sel
ISO 639-3	sel
Glottolog	selk1253
ELP	Southern Selkup
	Traditional (a) and current (b) distribution of Selkup
	Northern Selkup is classified as Severely Endangered by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger
	This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

Selkup is the language of the Selkups, belonging to the Samoyedic group of the Uralic language family. It is spoken by some 1,570 people (1994 est.) in the region between the Ob and Yenisei Rivers (in Siberia). The language name Selkup comes from the Russian селькуп, based on the native name used in the Taz dialect, шӧльӄумыт әты šöľqumyt əty, lit. 'forest-man language'. Different dialects use different names.

Selkup is fractured in an extensive dialect continuum whose ends are no longer mutually intelligible. The three main varieties are the Taz (Northern) dialect (тазовский диалект, tazovsky dialekt), which became the basis of the Selkup written language in the 1930s, Tym (Central) dialect (тымский диалект, tymsky dialekt), and Ket dialect (кетский диалект, ketsky dialekt). It is not related to the Ket language.

Phonology edit

There are 25 vowel and 16 consonant phonemes in the Taz dialect.

Taz Selkup consonants^[4]
	Labial	Dental	Palatal(ized)	Velar	Uvular
Nasals	m	n	nʲ	ŋ	[ɴ]
Plosives	p	t	tʲ	k	q
Fricatives		s	ʃʲ
Trills		r			[ʀ]
Laterals		l	lʲ
Approximant	w		j

Voicing is not phonemic. Stops and fricatives may be voiced between vowels or after sonorant consonants.
The palatalized stop and fricative /tʲ/, /ʃʲ/ are most typically rendered as an alveolo-palatal affricate [tɕ] and fricative [ɕ]. Depending on the speaker, the former can be also realized as the stop [tʲ], the latter as a non-palatalized fricative, postalveolar [ʃ] or retroflex [ʂ].
Before front vowels, palatalized variants of other consonants are also found.
[ɴ] and [ʀ] are allophones of /q/ when occurring before nasals and liquids, respectively.
The non-coronal stops /p/, /k/, /q/ have optional fricative allophones [f], [x], [χ] when occurring before /s/ or /ʃʲ/.

Taz Selkup vowels
		Front		Central	Back
		Unrounded	Rounded	Unrounded	Rounded
Tense	Close	i, iː	y, yː	ɨ, ɨː	u,	uː
	Mid	e, eː	ø, øː	ɘ, ɘː	o, oː
	Open	æ, æː		a, aː
Lax	Close	ɪ, ɪː		[ɪ̈ ~ ə]
Lax	Mid	ɛ, ɛː		[ɪ̈ ~ ə]	ɔː

Vowel length is phonemic. /ɔː/ alone, deriving from proto-Selkup */aː/, has no short counterpart.
The tenseness contrast, an innovation of northern Selkup, is independent of length (e.g. /i/, /iː/, /ɪ/, /ɪː/ all contrast).
The full range of vowel quality contrasts is only possible in the initial syllable of a word: in later syllables, /e/ /ø/ /ɘ/ /y/ /ɨ/ of either length do not occur, nor does long /uː/. (Shown on a darker gray background.)
The non-phonemic lax central vowel [ɪ̈ ~ ə] only occurs in unstressed non-first syllables; it is normally treated equivalent with short tense /ɨ/.

Selkup has a syllable structure (C)V(C). Word-initial /ŋ/ and word-final /tʲ/ or /w/ do not occur. Various consonant clusters and geminate consonants such as /nt/, /rm/, /ʃʲʃʲ/ may occur, though many potential combinations occurring morphologically are simplified.

Stress in Selkup is marginally phonemic. Generally the rightmost long vowel in a word is stressed, or otherwise the first syllable, but certain suffixes with short vowels may acquire stress, leading to minimal pairs such as [ˈtɕɛlʲtɕalqo] 'to stamp down' vs. [tɕɛlʲˈtɕalqo] 'to stamp once'.

Grammar edit

Southern Selkup edit

Noun edit

маҗь 'forest', ӄуп 'person'^[5]
Case name		Ending	Meaning	Example	Meaning of the example
Nominative case		∅	subject	маҗь	forest (as a subject)
Accusative case		-п, -м (rare)	direct object	ма́җеп	forest (as an object)
Genitive case		-т, -н (rare)	possession	ма́җет	of a forest
Dative case	animate	-н	indirect object (animate)	ӄун, ӄумн	to the person
Dative case	inanimate	-нд	indirect object (inanimate)	маҗӧ́нд	to the forest
Inessive case	animate	-нан	the X has	ӄу́нан	the person has
Inessive case	inanimate	-ӷэт/-ӄэт	in	маҗӧ́ӷэт	in the forest
Elative case		-эутэ/-утэ	out of, from, along	маҗӧ́утэ	out of the forest
Instrumental-comitative case		-ӽе/-хе, -э́ (with nouns denoting means of transport, always stressed)	with	маҗьӽе́	with the forest
Abessive case		-галк/-калк	without	маҗьга́лк	without the forest
Translative case		-тӄо	into	маҗетӄо́	[turn] into a forest
Exessive case^[a]	animate	-ндо/-эндо	from	ку́ндо	from the person
Exessive case^[a]	inanimate	-ӷэндо/-ӄэндо	from	маҗӧ́ӷэндо	from the forest

^ Almost out of use

References edit

^ "Итоги Всероссийской переписи населения 2020 года. Таблица 6. Население по родному языку" [Results of the All-Russian population census 2020. Table 6. population according to native language.]. rosstat.gov.ru. Retrieved 2023-01-03.
^ Rantanen, Timo; Tolvanen, Harri; Roose, Meeli; Ylikoski, Jussi; Vesakoski, Outi (2022-06-08). "Best practices for spatial language data harmonization, sharing and map creation—A case study of Uralic". PLOS ONE. 17 (6): e0269648. Bibcode:2022PLoSO..1769648R. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0269648. PMC 9176854. PMID 35675367.
^ Rantanen, Timo, Vesakoski, Outi, Ylikoski, Jussi, & Tolvanen, Harri. (2021). Geographical database of the Uralic languages (v1.0) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4784188
^ Helimski 1998, pp. 551–552.
^ Korotkih, Grigoriy V. (2022). Современный язык нарымских селькупов (PDF) (in Russian). Соиздательство ценных книг «Грасион». p. 150. ISBN 978-5-6046304-5-7.