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Shaw Prize

Summary

The Shaw Prize refers to three annual awards presented by the Shaw Prize Foundation in the fields of astronomy, medicine and life sciences, and mathematical sciences. Established in 2002 in Hong Kong[1] by Hong Kong entertainment mogul and philanthropist Run Run Shaw (邵逸夫),[2] the awards honour "individuals who are currently active in their respective fields and who have recently achieved distinguished and significant advances, who have made outstanding contributions in academic and scientific research or applications, or who in other domains have achieved excellence."[3] The prize has been described as the "Nobel of the East".[4][5][6][7]

Shaw Prize
A gold circular medal with a depiction of an elderly man with glasses wearing a jacket buttoned to the neck; the English words "The Shaw Prize" and Chinese characters "邵逸夫獎" engraved on it
The obverse of the Shaw Prize medal
Awarded forOutstanding contributions in astronomy, life science and medicine, and mathematical sciences
Reward(s)USD$1.2 million
First awarded2004
Websitewww.shawprize.org
Saul Perlmutter, Adam Riess and Brian P. Schmidt (from left to right) jointly won the 2006 astronomy prize

Award edit

The prize consists of three awards in the fields of astronomy, life science and medicine, and mathematical sciences; it is not awarded posthumously. Nominations are submitted by invited individuals beginning each year in September. Winners are announced in the summer and receive the award at a ceremony in early autumn. Each award consists of a gold medal, a certificate and USD$1.2 million (USD$1 million before 2015). The front of the medal bears a portrait of Shaw and the name of the prize in English and Traditional Chinese characters; the back bears the year, category, laureate's name and a quotation from the Chinese philosopher Xunzi "制天命而用之" (translated to English as "Grasp the law of nature and make use of it").[8]

As of 2022, there have been 99 Shaw Laureates.[9] 16 Nobel laureates - Jules A. Hoffmann, Bruce Beutler, Saul Perlmutter, Adam Riess, Shinya Yamanaka, Robert Lefkowitz, Brian Schmidt, Jeffrey C. Hall, Michael Rosbash, Michael W. Young, Kip Thorne, Rainer Weiss, Jim Peebles, Michel Mayor, Reinhard Genzel, and David Julius - are Shaw Laureates. The inaugural laureate of the Shaw Prize in Astronomy was Jim Peebles, honored for his contributions to cosmology. Two inaugural prizes were awarded for the Shaw Prize in Life Science and Medicine: Stanley Norman Cohen, Herbert Boyer and Yuet Wai Kan jointly won one of them for their research in DNA while physiologist Richard Doll won the other for his contribution to cancer epidemiology. Shiing-Shen Chern was awarded the inaugural Shaw Prize in Mathematical Sciences for his work on differential geometry.

Shaw Laureates edit

Astronomy edit

Year Portrait Laureate[a] Country[b] Rationale[c]
2004   P. James E. Peebles   United States For his groundbreaking contribution to cosmology. He laid the foundations for almost all modern investigations in cosmology, both theoretical and observational, transforming a highly speculative field into a precision science.[10][11]
2005   Geoffrey Marcy   United States For finding and characterizing the orbits and masses of the first planets around other stars, thereby revolutionizing our understanding of the processes that form planets and planetary systems.[12][13]
  Michel Mayor   Switzerland
2006   Saul Perlmutter   United States For discovering that the expansion rate of the universe is accelerating, implying in the simplest interpretation that the energy density of space is non-vanishing even in the absence of any matter and radiation.[14][15]
  Adam Riess   United States
  Brian Schmidt   Australia
2007   Peter Goldreich   United States In recognition of his lifetime achievements in theoretical astrophysics and planetary sciences.[16][17]
2008   Reinhard Genzel   Germany In recognition of his outstanding contributions in demonstrating that the Milky Way contains a supermassive black hole at its centre.[18][19]
2009   Frank H. Shu (徐遐生)   United States In recognition of his outstanding life-time contributions in theoretical astronomy.[20][21]
2010   Charles L. Bennett   United States For their leadership of the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) experiment, which has enabled precise determinations of the fundamental cosmological parameters, including the geometry, age and composition of the universe.[22][23]
  Lyman A. Page Jr.   United States
  David N. Spergel   United States
2011 Enrico Costa   Italy For their leadership of space missions that enabled the demonstration of the cosmological origin of gamma ray bursts, the brightest sources known in the universe.[24][25]
  Gerald J. Fishman   United States
2012   David Jewitt   United States For their discovery and characterization of trans-Neptunian bodies, an archeological treasure dating back to the formation of the Solar System and the long-sought source of short period comets.[26][27]
  Jane Luu   United States
2013   Steven A. Balbus   United Kingdom For their discovery and study of the magnetorotational instability, and for demonstrating that this instability leads to turbulence and is a viable mechanism for angular momentum transport in astrophysical accretion disks.[28][29]
  John F. Hawley   United States
2014 Daniel Eisenstein   United States For their contributions to the measurements of features in the large-scale structure of galaxies used to constrain the cosmological model including baryon acoustic oscillations and redshift-space distortions.[30][31]
Shaun Cole   United Kingdom
  John A. Peacock   United Kingdom
2015   William J. Borucki   United States For his conceiving and leading the Kepler Mission, which greatly advanced knowledge of both extrasolar planetary systems and stellar interiors.[32][33]
2016   Ronald W. P. Drever   United Kingdom For conceiving and designing the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO), whose recent direct detection of gravitational waves opens a new window in astronomy, with the first remarkable discovery being the merger of a pair of stellar mass black holes.[34][35]
  Kip S. Thorne   United States
  Rainer Weiss   United States
2017   Simon D. M. White   Germany For his contributions to understanding structure formation in the Universe. With powerful numerical simulations he has shown how small density fluctuations in the early Universe develop into galaxies and other nonlinear structures, strongly supporting a cosmology with a flat geometry, and dominated by dark matter and a cosmological constant.[36][37]
2018 Jean-Loup Puget   France For his contributions to astronomy in the infrared to submillimetre spectral range. He detected the cosmic far-infrared background from past star-forming galaxies, and proposed aromatic hydrocarbon molecules as a constituent of interstellar matter. With the Planck space mission, he has dramatically advanced our knowledge of cosmology in the presence of interstellar matter foregrounds.[38][39]
2019   Edward C. Stone   United States For his leadership in the Voyager project, which has, over the past four decades, transformed our understanding of the four giant planets and the outer Solar System, and has now begun to explore interstellar space.[40][41]
2020   Roger D. Blandford   United States For his foundational contributions to theoretical astrophysics, especially concerning the fundamental understanding of active galactic nuclei, the formation and collimation of relativistic jets, the energy extraction mechanism from black holes, and the acceleration of particles in shocks and their relevant radiation mechanisms.[42][43]
2021   Victoria M. Kaspi   Canada For their contributions to our understanding of magnetars, a class of highly magnetized neutron stars that are linked to a wide range of spectacular, transient astrophysical phenomena. Through the development of new and precise observational techniques, they confirmed the existence of neutron stars with ultra-strong magnetic fields and characterized their physical properties. Their work has established magnetars as a new and important class of astrophysical objects.[44][45]
  Chryssa Kouveliotou   United States
2022   Lennart Lindegren   Sweden For their lifetime contributions to space astrometry, and in particular for their role in the conception and design of the European Space Agency’s Hipparcos and Gaia missions.[46][47]
Michael Perryman   Ireland
2023   Matthew Bailes   Australia For the discovery of fast radio bursts (FRBs).[48]
  Duncan Lorimer   United States
Maura McLaughlin   United States

Life science and medicine edit

Year Portrait Laureate[a] Country[b] Rationale[c]
2004[d]   Stanley N. Cohen   United States For their discoveries on DNA cloning and genetic engineering.[11][49]
  Herbert W. Boyer   United States
Yuet-Wai Kan   United States For his discoveries on DNA polymorphism and its influence on human genetics.[11][49]
2004[d]   Richard Doll   United Kingdom For his contribution to modern cancer epidemiology.[11][49]
2005 Michael Berridge   United Kingdom For his discoveries on calcium signalling in the regulation of cellular activity.[50][51]
2006 Xiaodong Wang   United States For his discovery of the biochemical basis of programmed cell death, a vital process that balances cell birth and defends against cancer.[52][53]
2007   Robert Lefkowitz   United States For his relentless elucidation of the major receptor system that mediates the response of cells and organs to drugs and hormones.[54][55]
2008[e] Keith H. S. Campbell   United Kingdom For their recent pivotal innovations in reversing the process of cell differentiation in mammals, a phenomenon which advances our knowledge of developmental biology and holds great promise for the treatment of human diseases and improvements in agriculture practices.[56][57]
Ian Wilmut   United Kingdom
  Shinya Yamanaka   Japan
2009 Douglas L. Coleman   United States For their work leading to the discovery of leptin, a hormone that regulates food intake and body weight.[58][59]
  Jeffrey M. Friedman   United States
2010   David Julius   United States For his seminal discoveries of molecular mechanisms by which the skin senses painful stimuli and temperature and produces pain hypersensitivity.[60][61]
2011   Jules A. Hoffmann   France For their discovery of the molecular mechanism of innate immunity, the first line of defense against pathogens.[62][63]
Ruslan M. Medzhitov   United States
  Bruce A. Beutler   United States
2012 Franz-Ulrich Hartl   Germany For their contributions to the understanding of the molecular mechanism of protein folding. Proper protein folding is essential for many cellular functions.[64][65]
  Arthur L. Horwich   United States
2013   Jeffrey C. Hall   United States For their discovery of molecular mechanisms underlying circadian rhythms.[66][67]
  Michael Rosbash   United States
  Michael W. Young   United States
2014   Kazutoshi Mori   Japan For their discovery of the Unfolded Protein Response of the endoplasmic reticulum, a cell signalling pathway that controls organelle homeostasis and quality of protein export in eukaryotic cells.[68][69]
  Peter Walter   United States
2015   Bonnie L. Bassler   United States For elucidating the molecular mechanism of quorum sensing, a process whereby bacteria communicate with each other and which offers innovative ways to interfere with bacterial pathogens or to modulate the microbiome for health applications.[70][71]
E. Peter Greenberg   United States
2016   Adrian P. Bird   United Kingdom For their discovery of the genes and the encoded proteins that recognize one chemical modification of the DNA of chromosomes that influences gene control as the basis of the developmental disorder Rett syndrome.[72][73]
  Huda Y. Zoghbi   United States
2017   Ian R. Gibbons   United States For their discovery of microtubule-associated motor proteins: engines that power cellular and intracellular movements essential to the growth, division, and survival of human cells.[74][75]
  Ronald D. Vale   United States
2018   Mary-Claire King   United States For her mapping the first breast cancer gene. Using mathematical modeling, King predicted and then demonstrated that breast cancer can be caused by a single gene. She mapped the gene which facilitated its cloning and has saved thousands of lives.[76][77]
2019 Maria Jasin   United States For her work showing that localized double strand breaks in DNA stimulate recombination in mammalian cells. This seminal work was essential for and led directly to the tools enabling editing at specific sites in mammalian genomes.[78][79]
2020   Gero Miesenböck   Austria For the development of optogenetics, a technology that has revolutionized neuroscience.[80][81]
  Peter Hegemann   Germany
  Georg Nagel   Germany
2021   Scott D. Emr   United States For the landmark discovery of the ESCRT (Endosomal Sorting Complex Required for Transport) pathway, which is essential in diverse processes involving membrane biology, including cell division, cell-surface receptor regulation, viral dissemination, and nerve axon pruning. These processes are central to life, health and disease.[82][83]
2022 Paul A. Negulescu   United States For landmark discoveries of the molecular, biochemical, and functional defects underlying cystic fibrosis and the identification and development of medicines that reverse those defects and can treat most people affected by this disorder. Together, these discoveries and medicines are alleviating human suffering and saving lives.[84][85]
Michael J. Welsh   United States
2023 Patrick Cramer   Germany For pioneering structural biology that enabled visualisation, at the level of individual atoms, of the protein machines responsible for gene transcription, one of life’s fundamental processes. They revealed the mechanism underlying each step in gene transcription, how proper gene transcription promotes health, and how dysregulation causes disease.[48]
  Eva Nogales   Spain &   United States

Mathematical sciences edit

Year Portrait Laureate[a] Country[b] Rationale[c]
2004   Shiing-Shen Chern (陳省身)   China For his initiation of the field of global differential geometry and his continued leadership of the field, resulting in beautiful developments that are at the centre of contemporary mathematics, with deep connections to topology, algebra and analysis, in short, to all major branches of mathematics of the last sixty years.[86][87]
2005   Andrew John Wiles   United Kingdom For his proof of Fermat's Last Theorem.[88][89]
2006   David Mumford   United States For David Mumford's contributions to mathematics, and to the new interdisciplinary fields of pattern theory and vision research; and for Wentsun Wu's contributions to the new interdisciplinary field of mathematics mechanization.[90][91]
  Wentsun Wu (吳文俊)   China
2007   Robert Langlands   United States For initiating and developing a grand unifying vision of mathematics that connects prime numbers with symmetry.[92][93]
  Richard Taylor   United Kingdom
2008   Vladimir Arnold   Russia For their widespread and influential contributions to Mathematical Physics.[94][95]
  Ludwig Faddeev   Russia
2009   Simon K. Donaldson   United Kingdom For their many brilliant contributions to geometry in 3 and 4 dimensions.[96][97]
  Clifford H. Taubes   United States
2010   Jean Bourgain   United States For his profound work in mathematical analysis and its application to partial differential equations, mathematical physics, combinatorics, number theory, ergodic theory and theoretical computer science.[98][99]
2011   Demetrios Christodoulou   Switzerland For their highly innovative works on nonlinear partial differential equations in Lorentzian and Riemannian geometry and their applications to general relativity and topology.[100][101]
  Richard S. Hamilton   United States
2012   Maxim Kontsevich   France For his pioneering works in algebra, geometry and mathematical physics and in particular deformation quantization, motivic integration and mirror symmetry.[102][103]
2013   David L. Donoho   United States For his profound contributions to modern mathematical statistics and in particular the development of optimal algorithms for statistical estimation in the presence of noise and of efficient techniques for sparse representation and recovery in large data-sets.[104][105]
2014 George Lusztig   United States For his fundamental contributions to algebra, algebraic geometry, and representation theory, and for weaving these subjects together to solve old problems and reveal beautiful new connections.[106][107]
2015   Gerd Faltings   Germany For their introduction and development of fundamental tools in number theory, allowing them as well as others to resolve some longstanding classical problems.[108][109]
  Henryk Iwaniec   United States
2016   Nigel J. Hitchin   United Kingdom For his far-reaching contributions to geometry, representation theory and theoretical physics. The fundamental and elegant concepts and techniques that he has introduced have had wide impact and are of lasting importance.[110][111]
2017 János Kollár   Hungary For their remarkable results in many central areas of algebraic geometry, which have transformed the field and led to the solution of long-standing problems that had appeared out of reach.[112][113]
  Claire Voisin   France
2018   Luis A. Caffarelli   Argentina For his groundbreaking work on partial differential equations, including creating a theory of regularity for nonlinear equations such as the Monge-Ampère equation, and free-boundary problems such as the obstacle problem, work that has influenced a whole generation of researchers in the field.[114][115]
2019   Michel Talagrand   France For his work on concentration inequalities, on suprema of stochastic processes and on rigorous results for spin glasses.[116][117]
2020   Alexander Beilinson   United States For their huge influence on and profound contributions to representation theory, as well as many other areas of mathematics.[118][119]
  David Kazhdan   Israel
2021   Jean-Michel Bismut   France For their remarkable insights that have transformed, and continue to transform, modern geometry.[120][121]
Jeff Cheeger   United States
2022   Noga Alon   Israel For their remarkable contributions to discrete mathematics and model theory with interaction notably with algebraic geometry, topology and computer sciences.[122][123]
  Ehud Hrushovski   Israel
2023 Vladimir Drinfeld   United States For their contributions related to mathematical physics, to arithmetic geometry, to differential geometry and to Kähler geometry.[48]
  Shing-Tung Yau   United States

See also edit

Notes edit

  • a The form and spelling of the names according to the Shaw Prize Foundation.
  • b Sites of the work places of the Laureates at the time of the award.[124]
  • c The rationale from the Shaw Prize Foundation.
  • d Two prizes were awarded for the life science and medicine category in 2004: Stanley N. Cohen, Herbert W. Boyer and Yuet-Wai Kan jointly received one of the prizes (half went to Cohen and Boyer; the other half went to Kan). Richard Doll received the other prize.[124]
  • e Half of the 2008 life science and medicine prize went to Keith H. S. Campbell and Ian Wilmut; the other half went to Shinya Yamanaka.[57]

References edit

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