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Ship Characteristics Board

Summary

The Ship Characteristics Board was a unit of the United States Navy.

Project SCB 1 result: the USS Norfolk (CLK-1/DL-1)

The purpose of the Ship Characteristics Board was to coordinate the creation of 'ship characteristics' that are essential to the design of naval combatants and auxiliaries. Coordination was required because the operators and the designers of ships had different interests, perceptions, concepts, and constraints: as summarized by the naval historian Norman Friedman, "How to achieve the best possible compromise among competing bureaus has been one of the great dilemmas of 20th-century U.S. naval administration."[1]

This list of SCB projects is a useful exposition of the U.S. Navy's shipbuilding priorities in the first half of the Cold War.

History edit

The Ship Characteristics Board was founded in 1945 under the Office of the Chief of Naval Operations / OpNav. It was created after the body previously responsible for coordinating ships characteristics, the General Board, had been seen as ineffective in a series of earlier Navy bureau miscoordinations.[2][3] The SCB would adjudicate between operational requirements set by the ship operators (the fleets and other operational forces) and the technological and fiscal constraints imposed on the ship designers (the Bureau of Ships / BuShips and the Bureau of Ordnance / BuOrd).

The SCB had nowhere near the same stature as its predecessor [the General Board], since in effect it was separated from the policy- and strategy-planning process. It was far more concerned with the details of design, and included representatives of all the bureaus, who had equal votes. Participants in SCB meetings recall cases in which the Bureau of Medicine and Surgery cast the decisive vote on weapons systems choices. From the surviving records it is not entirely clear who within OpNav worked up the lists of projects on which the SCB worked, at least at first. For a time that was both very important, given the poverty of the [post-World War Two] shipbuilding program and the lack of any integrated U.S. concept of future warfare.[4]

The SCB assigned numbers to its projects beginning in 1946. Not all projects would result in the construction of ships: some projects would remain conceptual only, or would be superseded by later projects.

In 1966 the successors to BuShips and BuOrd (NAVSHIPS and NAVORD) were moved to report to OpNav. The SCB role as an adjudicator became less relevant.[5] During the development of the Oliver Hazard Perry class frigates it was renamed the Ship Acquisition and Improvement Board (SAIB).[6] In the 1980s it was revived as the Ship Characteristics Improvement Board (SCIB), but without its former authority.[7]

USS Thresher loss edit

 
Thresher, the first result of project SCB 188, at sea on 24 July 1961

A decision by the SCB likely contributed to the 1963 loss of the nuclear submarine Thresher. The SCB had ordered BuShips to study increasing the test depth for future submarines from 700 to 1,600 feet, and this increase was approved after November 1956. Thresher's components were too far along in design to accommodate this change, but it was decided that they could be modified to enable a test depth of 1,300 feet. The irony is that the SCB's motives for this change were to enhance safety: not only to support greater combat survivability, but also out of a concern that the increased speed of nuclear submarines could cause them to inadvertently exceed the more shallow test depths while maneuvering.[8]

List of SCB projects edit

Review of the following lists of SCB projects will show:

  • SCB projects which are 'follow on' to earlier projects may be given a new number, or may reuse an earlier number with an appended letter. For example, a project to develop a new Landing Craft Utility (LCU) was begun in 1946 as SCB 25, follow on LCU projects include SCB 25A (unknown date), SCB 149 (August 1954), and SCB 149B (March 1962). Note the eight-year gap between SCB 149 and SCB 149B.
  • The start date of an SCB project can be several years before it became a budget line item or an actual ship construction. SCB 157 began in July 1955 as a study for a new amphibious assault helicopter carrier, but a resultant ship (the future Iwo Jima) was not laid down until 2 April 1959. An even more extreme example is SCB 123, which began in 1954, but which saw last ship reconstruction delayed until 1966.
  • Close examination of SCB projects will occasionally demonstrate that ship design history is more complicated than first appearances show. For example, the George Washington class of fleet ballistic missile submarines was the first such class to be launched. However, the history of SCB 180 shows that the Ethan Allen class was the first to be designed, and the George Washington class was a subsequent design made for a quickly implemented mobilization effort.
  • The budgetary pressures of the Vietnam War, including war driven inflation, are demonstrated in the cancellation of SCB projects 003.68 and 101.68, and the partial cancellation of SCB 002 (the age of the ships was also a factor).

All ship hull classification symbols shown (CLK, SS, DL, CVA, DE, etc.) are the symbols in use at the conception of the project, rather than when construction started. Explanations of these symbols are usually to be found in the linked articles on each ship or class.

Sequential numbering of SCB projects edit

SCB projects began in numeric sequence in 1946, and were originally listed in descending priority (the Norfolk cruiser/destroyer leader having top priority, the Tang submarines as second priority, etc.),[9] but such prioritization was eventually dropped. Several of the early projects actually began in 1945 - for example, the Mitscher-class destroyer (which in 1946 was assigned the project number SCB 5) was the ship design that out-performed the projected CL-154 class light cruiser design and led to that cruiser's cancellation in September 1945.[10]

SCB # Start date Description Notes
SCB 1 1946 Norfolk CLK [11]
SCB 2 1946 Tang class SS [12]
SCB 2A Improved SCB 2, original design of Grayback SS before conversion to SSG [13]
SCB 5 1946 Mitscher class DL [14]
SCB 6 1946 Strategic CVA (aircraft carrier) concept [15]
SCB 6A United States class CVA, cancelled 23 Apr 1949 [16]
SCB 7 1946 30 kt DE concept [17]
SCB 7A Fletcher class DD ASW mobilization concept [18]
SCB 8 1946 CVE ASW concept, became SCB 43 [19]
SCB 9 1946 15 kt LST concept [20]
SCB 9A Terrebonne Parish class LST [21]
SCB 11 1946 Glacier AGB [22]
SCB 12 1946 MIGRAINE II: four SSR conversions [23]
SCB 12A MIGRAINE III: six SSR conversions [24]
SCB 13 1946 Northampton CLC [25]
SCB 14 1946 Paul Revere class APA [26]
SCB 15 1946 Tulare class AKA [27]
SCB 16 1946 Fast AGC concept [28]
SCB 17 1946 Fast LSD concept [29]
SCB 19 Dec 1945 Kentucky BB anti-air concept [30]
SCB 22 1946 Fast AOR concept [31]
SCB 23 1946 Fast replenishment cargo ship concept [32]
SCB 24 1946 Midget SS concept [33]
SCB 25 1946 LCU 1466 [34]
SCB 25A LCU 1608 [35]
SCB 26 1946 Hawaii CB aircraft carrier conversion concept [36]
SCB 26A 1948 Hawaii CB missile conversion concept [37]
SCB 27 1946 Oriskany CVA jet aircraft conversion [38]
SCB 27A Essex class CVA modification [39]
SCB 27C Essex class CVA modification [40]
SCB 28 1946 Tunny SSG conversion [41]
SCB 32 1946 Fast LST concept [42]
SCB 33 SSG (guided missile submarine) concept [43]
SCB 34 Aircraft-carrying submarine design study [44]
SCB 35 Dec 1946 Barracuda class SSK [45]
SCB 36 1948 New LCS(L) concept, merged into SCB 37 [46]
SCB 37 1948 Carronade LSM(R) [47]
SCB 38 Colorado BB radio control target conversion concept [48]
SCB 39 Guavina SSO conversion [49]
SCB 40 SSE (submarine ammunition carrier) concept [50]
SCB 43 CVE ASW concepts, cancelled Apr 1954 [51]
SCB 45A Agile class MSO and Acme class MSO [52]
SCB 46 DER conversions: 6 ships [53]
SCB 46A DER conversions: 2 ships [54]
SCB 46B DER conversions: 28 ships [55]
SCB 47 GUPPY II SS conversions [56]
SCB 47A GUPPY IA SS conversions [57]
SCB 47B Fleet snorkel SS conversions [58]
SCB 47C GUPPY IIA SS conversions [59]
SCB 48 Boston class CAG Terrier missile conversions [60]
SCB 49 Altair class AKS conversion [61]
SCB 50 AOR conversion concept [62]
SCB 51 DE or PCE concept, became SCB 72 [63]
SCB 53 DDE conversion [64]
SCB 54 CVL conversion [65]
SCB 56 1949 Albacore AGSS Phase I [66]
SCB 58 1949 Grouper SSK conversion [67]
SCB 60A LVT(A)5 modernization [68]
SCB 60B LVT(3) modernization [69]
SCB 63 Tweedy DE ASW upgrade [70]
SCB 63A Lewis DE ASW upgrade [71]
SCB 64 Mar 1950 Nautilus SSN [72][73]
SCB 64A Mar 1950 Seawolf SSN [74][75]
SCB 65 X-1 midget SS [76]
SCB 66 SSM (submarine minelayer) conversion concept, cancelled 1 Oct 1952 [77]
SCB 67 1950 Closed cycle engine SSX concept [78]
SCB 67A Closed cycle engine SSX concept, cancelled 26 Oct 1953 [79]
SCB 68 Apr 1950 Mackerel class SST [80]
SCB 69 Adjutant class MSC [81]
SCB 72 Oct 1950 Dealey class DE [82]
SCB 74 Various anti-air upgrades (e.g. Bofors 40 mm guns replaced with 3"/50 caliber guns) [83]
SCB 74A Fletcher class DD anti-air upgrades: 40 ships [84]
SCB 74E Iowa class BB anti-air upgrade concept [85]
SCB 75 Nov 1950 Thomaston class LSD [86]
SCB 76 Mobilization DD experiment concept [87]
SCB 77 Jul 1951 New AKA concept [88]
SCB 77A Nov 1952 New AKA with ro-ro capability concept [89]
SCB 78 Paul Revere APA [90]
SCB 79 DDR (destroyer radar picket) conversions [91]
SCB 80 Forrestal class CVA [92]
SCB 82 Neosho class AO [93]
SCB 83 Hawaii CBC conversion concept [94]
SCB 84 Sailfish class SSR [95]
SCB 85 Feb 1951 Forrest Sherman class DD [96]
SCB 85A Forrest Sherman class (Hull sub-class) DD [97]
SCB 88 Gearing class DD completion concept [98]
SCB 89 May 1951 180-foot PC concept [99]
SCB 90 May 1951 290-foot PCE concept [100]
SCB 94 Nov 1951 LCM(6) [101]
SCB 95 LCM(8) [102]
SCB 97 Rigel class AF [103]
SCB 110 Midway CVA and Franklin D Roosevelt CVA modernizations [104]
SCB 110A Coral Sea CVA modernization [105]
SCB 114A Suribachi class AE [106]
SCB 115 AVS (aviation stores ship) [107]
SCB 116 Darter SS [108]
SCB 118 Barbero SSG conversion [109]
SCB 119 Nov 1953 De Soto County class LST [110]
SCB 121 Skate class SSN [111]
SCB 122 May 1954 Thetis Bay CVHA conversion [112]
SCB 123 MCS conversions: Catskill, Ozark, Osage, Saugus, and Monitor (last 3 cancelled) [113]
SCB 124 Improved SCB 116, original design of Growler SS before conversion to SSG [114]
SCB 125 Essex class CVA modification [115]
SCB 125A Oriskany CVA modification [116]
SCB 126 Guardian class AGR conversion [117]
SCB 127 Kitty Hawk class CVA, preliminary design [118]
SCB 127A Kitty Hawk class CVA, first two ships [119]
SCB 127B Kitty Hawk class CVA follow on: America [120]
SCB 127C Kitty Hawk class CVA follow on: John F. Kennedy [121]
SCB 129 May 1954 Farragut class DL [122]
SCB 130 Fletcher class DDC (destroyer corvette) conversion concept [123]
SCB 131 Jun 1954 Claude Jones class DE [124]
SCB 132 Triton SSRN [125]
SCB 134 Albemarle AV P6M seaplane modification [126]
SCB 136 Cove MSI (inshore minesweeper) [127]
SCB 137 Original design of Halibut SSG with diesel-electric propulsion [128]
SCB 137A Final design of Halibut SSGN with nuclear propulsion [129]
SCB 139 YP-654 class [130]
SCB 140 Galveston class CLG Talos missile conversion [131]
SCB 140A Galveston class CLG Talos missile flagship conversions: Little Rock and Oklahoma City [132]
SCB 141 1954 New LCM(3) concept [133]
SCB 142 Farragut class (Coontz sub-class) DLG [134]
SCB 143 Admirable class AM and Auk class AM conversion to PCE concepts [135]
SCB 144 Essex class CVS FRAM upgrade [136]
SCB 146 Providence class CLG Terrier missile conversion: Topeka [137]
SCB 146A Providence class CLG Terrier missile flagship conversions: Providence and Springfield [138]
SCB 147 YTB-752 class harbor tug [139]
SCB 147A YTB-760 class [140]
SCB 149 Aug 1954 LCU 1620 [141]
SCB 149B Mar 1962 LCU 1625 [142]
SCB 150 Barbel class SS [143]
SCB 151 Currituck AV P6M seaplane modification, cancelled 21 Aug 1959 after 52 days of construction [144]
SCB 152 Jul 1955 Fast catamaran LST with causeway concept [145]
SCB 153 Alternative CV concept, cancelled 14 Sep 1955, influenced SCB 127A and SCB 160 [146]
SCB 154 Skipjack class SSN [147]
SCB 155 Aug 1955 Charles F. Adams class DDG [148]
SCB 157 Jul 1955 Iwo Jima class LPH [149]
SCB 158 CN (nuclear cruiser) concept [150]
SCB 159 Block Island LPH conversion, cancelled 1958 [151]
SCB 160 Enterprise CVAN [152]
SCB 161 Grayback and Growler conversion from SS to SSG [153]
SCB 162 Apr 1956 LCM hydrofoil concept [154]
SCB 163 CN concept [155]
SCB 165 CN concept [156]
SCB 166 Original design of Permit class SSGN [157]
SCB 166A Improved design of Permit class SSGN (ultimately reordered as SCB 188 SSNs) [158]
SCB 167 CN concept [159]
SCB 168 CN concept [160]
SCB 169 Long Beach CGN [161]
SCB 170 Conversion of Guavina to a seaplane tender submarine [162]
SCB 172 Leahy class DLG [163]
SCB 172A Jun 1960 Belknap class DLG [164]
SCB 173 Albany class CG conversions [165]
SCB 173A Baltimore class Polaris missile conversion concept [166]
SCB 174 Des Moines class CG conversion concept [167]
SCB 176 Commencement Bay class AV P6M seaplane conversion concept, cancelled 21 Aug 1959 [168]
SCB 177 Tallahatchie County AVB conversion [169]
SCB 178 Tullibee SSN [170]
SCB 179 Victory ship conversion to survey ship concept [171]
SCB 180 Ethan Allen class SSBN [172]
SCB 180A George Washington class SSBN [173]
SCB 182 1957 Albacore AGSS Phase III [174]
SCB 182A 1959 Albacore AGSS Phase IV [175]
SCB 183 1956 PCS concept [176]
SCB 184 1956 SC concept [177]
SCB 185 Conrad class AGOR [178]
SCB 187 Jan 1957 Raleigh class LPD [179]
SCB 187A Raleigh class LPD with flagship facilities: La Salle [180]
SCB 187B Austin class LPD [181]
SCB 188 Thresher / Permit class SSN [182]
SCB 188A Sturgeon class SSN [183]
SCB 188M Lengthened Permit class SSNs: Flasher, Greenling, and Gato [184]
SCB 189 Bainbridge DLGN [185]
SCB 190 Proteus AS modernization [186]
SCB 191 Terror Middle East force flagship conversion concept [187]
SCB 192 Oxford class AGTR conversion [188]
SCB 194 Hunley class AS [189]
SCB 196 Sacramento class AOE [190]
SCB 198 Glover AGFF conversion [191]
SCB 199 Bronstein class DE [192]
SCB 199A Garcia class DE [193]
SCB 199B Brooke class DE [194]
SCB 199C Knox class DE [195]
SCB 202 Apr 1958 High Point PCH [196]
SCB 203 CVAN concept, became SCB 211 [197]
SCB 205 AGMs for range instrumentation [198]
SCB 206 Nov 1958 Gearing class DD FRAM I [199]
SCB 207 Dolphin AGSS [200]
SCB 208 Mars class AFS [201]
SCB 211 CVAN concept [202]
SCB 211A CVAN concept, cancelled in favor of SCB 127C [203]
SCB 212 Austere DDG (guided missile destroyer) concept, influenced SCB 172A [204]
SCB 214 Serrano AGS conversion [205]
SCB 215 Gilbert Islands AGMR conversion [206]
SCB 216 Lafayette class SSBN [207]
SCB 216A Benjamin Franklin class SSBN [208]
SCB 216 Mod 3 James Madison class SSBN [209]
SCB 218 Aug 1960 Albemarle ASGL satellite launch concept [210]
SCB 219 1960 Plainview AGEH [211]
SCB 220 Nasty class PTF [212]
SCB 221 Aug 1960 52 foot UDT reconnaissance boat [213]
SCB 222 Tuxtrun DLGN [214]
SCB 223 GUPPY III SS FRAM [215]
SCB 224 Cimarron class AO jumbo conversion: Mispillion sub-class [216]
SCB 225 Kingsport AG conversion [217]
SCB 226 Silas Bent class AGS [218]
SCB 227 Mar 1961 Typhon DLGN concept [219]
SCB 228 Wright CC conversion [220]
SCB 229 Asheville class PGM [221]
SCB 231 NECPA CC concept [222]
SCB 232 Suribachi class AE modernization [223]
SCB 233 Norton Sound AVM modification [224]
SCB 234 Victory ship AS (submarine tender) conversion [225]
SCB 236 Sea Lift LSV [226]
SCB 238 Simon Lake class AS [227]
SCB 239 Seahawk DD concept [228]
SCB 240 Forrest Sherman class DDG Tartar missile conversion: 4 ships [229]
SCB 241 Mitscher class DDG Tartar missile conversion: 2 ships [230]
SCB 242 Sailfish SS FRAM II refit [231]
SCB 244 Samuel Gompers class AD [232]
SCB 245 Narwhal SSN [233]
SCB 247 Jun 1962 Newport class LST [234]
SCB 248 Nov 1962 Blue Ridge class LCC [235]
SCB 250 CVAN concept [236]
SCB 251 Forrest Sherman class (Barry sub-class) DD modernization with ASROC [237]
SCB 252 Jan 1964 Flagstaff PGH and Tucumari PGH [238]

Block numbering of SCB projects edit

By 1965 the numeric sequence was abandoned and SCB projects were organized by block numbers which arranged projects by ship types (valid until the 1975 ship reclassification), and a two digit suffix denoting the fiscal year of the construction phase of the project.[239] This suffix is not the start date of the project as a concept: SCB 400.65 actually began in November 1962, not in 1965, and SCB 409.68 actually began in February 1965, not in 1968. The existence of successive suffixes also does not necessarily mean that the design of ships of a class in any way changed, such suffixes are listed here for historical note only.

In effect, this new numbering scheme changed the focus of the SCB from design and development to procurement and budget compliance. As a result, concept-only designs would disappear from the historical record.

1965-1975 SCB block # Ship type
001-099 Cruisers
100-199 Carriers
200-299 Destroyers/Frigates
_ 200-219 Destroyer Escorts
_ 220-239 Destroyers
_ 240-259 Frigates (past Destroyer Leaders)
_ 260-280 Patrol Frigates
300-399 Submarines
400-499 Amphibious
500-599 Mine Warfare
600-699 Patrol
700-799 Auxiliaries
800-899 Service Craft
900-999 Special Purpose
SCB # Start date Description Notes
SCB 002 Albany class CG AAW modernization (Chicago partially only, Columbus cancelled) [240]
SCB 003.68 Boston class CAG AAW modernization, cancelled [241]
SCB 100.68 CVS ASW concept, became SCB 100.71 [242]
SCB 100.71 CVS ASW concept [243]
SCB 101.66 Midway CVA modernization [244]
SCB 101.68 Franklin D. Roosevelt CVA modernization, cancelled [245]
SCB 102.67 Nimitz class CVN [246]
SCB 103.68 Franklin D. Roosevelt CVA austere refit [247]
SCB 200.65 Knox class DE (former SCB 199C) [248]
SCB 222.66 Forrest Sherman class DD ASW modernization (former SCB 251) ibid
SCB 223.67 DDG [249]
SCB 224 Spruance class DD [250]
SCB 226 Ticonderoga class DDG [251]
SCB 240.65 Mar 1961 Typhon DLGN concept (former SCB 227) ibid
SCB 241.66 California class DLGN [252]
SCB 243.66 Farragut class DLG upgrade [253]
SCB 244.66 Leahy class DLG upgrade [254]
SCB 246 Virginia class DLGN [255]
SCB 261 Oliver Hazard Perry class FFG [256]
SCB 300 Sturgeon-class SSN [257]
SCB 301 NR-1 [258]
SCB 302 Glenard P. Lipscomb SSN [259]
SCB 303 Los Angeles class SSN [260]
SCB 304 Ohio class SSBN [261]
SCB 350 Conversion of Grayback from SSG to transport submarine (LPSS) [262]
SCB 351 Conversion of Halibut from SSGN to SSN [263]
SCB 353 Conversion of SSBN 627-636, 640-657 from Polaris A-3 to Poseidon C-3 [264]
SCB 355 Conversion of SSBN 616-617, 619-626, 658-659 from Polaris A-3 to Poseidon C-3 [265]
SCB 400.65 Nov 1962 Blue Ridge class LCC (former SCB 248) ibid
SCB 401.65 Jul 1955 New Orleans LPH (former SCB 157) ibid,[266]
SCB 402.65 Austin class LPD (former SCB 187B) ibid
SCB 403.65 Charleston class AKA [267]
SCB 404.65 Anchorage class LSD, lead ship only [268]
SCB 404.66 Anchorage class LSD, follow on ships [269]
SCB 405.65 Jun 1962 Newport class LST, lead ship only (former SCB 247) ibid,[270]
SCB 405.66 Jun 1962 Newport class LST: follow on ships (former SCB 247) ibid,[271]
SCB 406.65 LCU 1627 [272]
SCB 409.68 Feb 1965 Tawara class LHA [273]
SCB 500.66 Liberty ship MSS conversion concept [274]
SCB 501.66 MSO (ocean minesweeper) concept [275]
SCB 502 MSO modernization [276]
SCB 600 Asheville class PGM (former SCB 229) ibid
SCB 602 Pegasus class PHM [277]
SCB 700.66 Samuel Gompers class follow on: AD-39, cancelled (former SCB 244) ibid,[278]
SCB 701 AVB (aviation logistics support ship) [279]
SCB 702.65 L Y Spear class AS [280]
SCB 703.65 Kilauea class AE [281]
SCB 704 AGB (icebreaker) [282]
SCB 705 Mars class AFS (former SCB 208) ibid
SCB 706 Cimarron class AO jumbo conversion: Ashtabula sub-class [283]
SCB 707 Wichita class AOR [284]
SCB 708.65 Chauvenet class AGS ibid
SCB 709 Serrano AGS conversion (former SCB 214) ibid
SCB 710 Melville class AGOR [285]
SCB 711.65 Sacramento class AOE (former SCB 196) ibid,[286]
SCB 713 Mission Buenaventura class AO jumbo conversion [287]
SCB 714 AS (submarine tender) [288]
SCB 719 Edenton class ATS [289]
SCB 720 Fast Deployment Logistic Ship FDL [290]
SCB 721 Pigeon class ASR [291]
SCB 723 Chauvenet AGS [292]
SCB 726 Hayes class AGOR (former SCB 226) ibid
SCB 728 Wyman AGS [293]
SCB 734 Gyre class AGOR [294]
SCB 737 Emory S Land class AS [295]
SCB 739 Cimarron class AO [296]
SCB 744 Powhatan class ATF [297]
SCB 800.65 YP-654 class [298]
SCB 900.65 Iowa class BB ASGL satellite launch concept [299]

CIP edit

The SCB also had a list of projects called Class Improvement Projects. These were usually changes of a lesser scope or risk than SCB projects; many were contingency plans to refurbish reserve ships had it been necessary to reactivate them.[300] No list of CIP numbers is available.

See also edit

References edit

Notes edit

  1. ^ Friedman, Submarines, p. 7
  2. ^ Friedman, Battleships, pp 311-313
  3. ^ Friedman, Destroyers, pp 2-3
  4. ^ Friedman, Destroyers, p. 3
  5. ^ Friedman, Amphibious Ships, p. 13
  6. ^ Friedman, Destroyers, p. 5
  7. ^ Friedman, Amphibious Ships, p. 13
  8. ^ Friedman, Submarines pp. 132-133
  9. ^ Friedman, Submarines, p. 28
  10. ^ Friedman, Destroyers, p. 369
  11. ^ Friedman, Submarines, p. 28
  12. ^ Friedman, Submarines, p. 28
  13. ^ Friedman, Submarines, p. 31
  14. ^ Friedman, Destroyers, p. 298
  15. ^ Friedman, Aircraft Carriers, p. 237
  16. ^ Friedman, Aircraft Carriers, p. 230
  17. ^ Friedman, Destroyers, p. 265
  18. ^ Friedman, Destroyers, p. 269
  19. ^ Friedman, Aircraft Carriers, p. 340
  20. ^ Friedman, Amphibious Ships, p. 303
  21. ^ Friedman, Amphibious Ships, p. 303
  22. ^ Crierie, SCB Numbers
  23. ^ Friedman, Submarines, p. 90
  24. ^ Friedman, Submarines, p. 90
  25. ^ Crierie, SCB Numbers
  26. ^ Friedman, Amphibious Ships, p. 311
  27. ^ Friedman, Amphibious Ships, p. 311
  28. ^ Friedman, Amphibious Ships, p. 311
  29. ^ Friedman, Amphibious Ships, p. 311
  30. ^ Friedman, Battleships, p. 390
  31. ^ Wildenberg, 1996, p. 207
  32. ^ Wildenberg, 1996, p. 207
  33. ^ Friedman, Submarines, p. 267
  34. ^ Friedman, Amphibious Ships, p. 383
  35. ^ Friedman, Amphibious Ships, p. 390
  36. ^ Crierie, SCB Numbers
  37. ^ Friedman, Aircraft Carriers, p. 288
  38. ^ Friedman, Aircraft Carriers, p. 288
  39. ^ Friedman, Aircraft Carriers, p. 288
  40. ^ Friedman, Aircraft Carriers, pp. 24-25
  41. ^ Friedman, Submarines, p. 178
  42. ^ Friedman, Amphibious Ships, p. 311
  43. ^ Crierie, SCB Numbers
  44. ^ Roberts, U.S. Navy Ship Design Project Numbers
  45. ^ Crierie, SCB Numbers
  46. ^ Friedman, Amphibious Ships, p. 254
  47. ^ Friedman, Amphibious Ships, pp. 254, 256
  48. ^ Friedman, Battleships, pp. 402-403
  49. ^ Friedman, Submarines, p. 89
  50. ^ Friedman, Submarines, pp. 252-263
  51. ^ Friedman, Aircraft Carriers, pp. 340-342
  52. ^ Crierie, SCB Numbers
  53. ^ Friedman, Destroyers, pp. 229-231
  54. ^ Friedman, Destroyers, p. 231
  55. ^ Friedman, Destroyers, pp. 231-232
  56. ^ Friedman, Submarines, p. 41
  57. ^ see linked Wiki article
  58. ^ see linked Wiki article
  59. ^ see linked Wiki article
  60. ^ Friedman, Cruisers, p. 377
  61. ^ Crierie, SCB Numbers
  62. ^ Roberts, AO-105
  63. ^ Friedman, Destroyers, pp. 271-273
  64. ^ Friedman, Destroyers, p. 246
  65. ^ Friedman, Destroyers, p. 246
  66. ^ Crierie, SCB Numbers
  67. ^ Friedman, Submarines, p. 80
  68. ^ Friedman, Amphibious Ships, p. 300
  69. ^ Friedman, Amphibious Ships, p. 300
  70. ^ Friedman, Destroyers, p. 161
  71. ^ Friedman, Destroyers, p. 161
  72. ^ Friedman, Submarines, p. 182
  73. ^ Hewlett & Duncan, Nuclear Navy, p. 162
  74. ^ Friedman, Submarines, p. 186
  75. ^ Hewlett & Duncan, Nuclear Navy, p. 162
  76. ^ Friedman, Submarines, p. 220
  77. ^ Friedman, Submarines, p. 99
  78. ^ Friedman, Submarines, p. 47
  79. ^ Friedman, Submarines, p. 48
  80. ^ Friedman, Submarines, p. 222
  81. ^ Crierie, SCB Numbers
  82. ^ Friedman, Destroyers, pp. 273-274
  83. ^ Friedman, Naval Anti-Air Guns, p. 1043
  84. ^ Friedman, Destroyers, p. 118
  85. ^ Friedman, Battleships, p. 390
  86. ^ Friedman, Amphibious Ships, pp. 329-330
  87. ^ Friedman, Destroyers, p. 269
  88. ^ Friedman, Amphibious Ships, p. 318
  89. ^ Friedman, Amphibious Ships, pp. 319-322
  90. ^ Crierie, SCB Numbers
  91. ^ Friedman, Destroyers, p. 269
  92. ^ Friedman, Aircraft Carriers, p. 256
  93. ^ Crierie, SCB Numbers
  94. ^ Friedman, Cruisers, p. 430
  95. ^ Friedman, Submarines, p. 94
  96. ^ Friedman, Destroyers, pp. 246-249
  97. ^ Friedman, Destroyers, p. 249
  98. ^ Crierie, SCB Numbers
  99. ^ Friedman, Small Combatants, p. 201
  100. ^ Friedman, Small Combatants, pp. 207-208
  101. ^ Friedman, Amphibious Ships, p. 292
  102. ^ Friedman, Amphibious Ships, p. 292
  103. ^ Crierie, SCB Numbers
  104. ^ Friedman, Aircraft Carriers, p. 300
  105. ^ Friedman, Aircraft Carriers, p. 300
  106. ^ Crierie, SCB Numbers
  107. ^ Crierie, SCB Numbers
  108. ^ Friedman, Submarines, p. 31
  109. ^ Friedman, Submarines, p. 178
  110. ^ Friedman, Amphibious Ships, pp. 306-307
  111. ^ Friedman, Submarines, p. 128
  112. ^ Friedman, Amphibious Ships, p. 350
  113. ^ Roberts, LSV-1-2
  114. ^ Roberts, U.S. Navy Ship Design Project Numbers
  115. ^ Friedman, Aircraft Carriers, p. 296
  116. ^ Friedman, Aircraft Carriers, p. 296
  117. ^ Crierie, SCB Numbers
  118. ^ Friedman, Aircraft Carriers, p. 274
  119. ^ Friedman, Aircraft Carriers, p. 279
  120. ^ Friedman, Aircraft Carriers, p. 280
  121. ^ Friedman, Aircraft Carriers, p. 280
  122. ^ Friedman, Destroyers, pp. 295-297
  123. ^ Friedman, Destroyers, p. 266
  124. ^ Friedman, Destroyers, pp. 275-279
  125. ^ Friedman, Submarines, p. 95
  126. ^ Roberts, AV-4
  127. ^ Friedman, Small Combatants, p. 209
  128. ^ Friedman, Submarines, p. 179
  129. ^ Friedman, Submarines, p. 182
  130. ^ Crierie, SCB Numbers
  131. ^ Friedman, Cruisers, pp. 386-387
  132. ^ Friedman, Cruisers, p. 393
  133. ^ Friedman, Amphibious Ships, p. 292
  134. ^ Friedman, Destroyers, p. 297
  135. ^ Friedman, Small Combatants, pp. 207-208
  136. ^ Crierie, SCB Numbers
  137. ^ Friedman, Cruisers, pp. 386-388
  138. ^ Friedman, Cruisers, p. 393
  139. ^ Crierie, SCB Numbers
  140. ^ Crierie, SCB Numbers
  141. ^ Friedman, Amphibious Ships, pp. 384, 386
  142. ^ Friedman, Amphibious Ships, p. 390
  143. ^ Friedman, Submarines, p. 33
  144. ^ Roberts, AV-7
  145. ^ Friedman, Amphibious Ships, p. 337
  146. ^ Friedman, Aircraft Carriers, p. 277
  147. ^ Friedman, Submarines, p. 258
  148. ^ Friedman, Destroyers, pp. 299, 307-309
  149. ^ Friedman, Amphibious Ships, p. 353
  150. ^ Friedman, Cruisers, p. 405
  151. ^ Friedman, Amphibious Ships, p. 356
  152. ^ Friedman, Aircraft Carriers, pp. 278, 312
  153. ^ Roberts, U.S. Navy Ship Design Project Numbers
  154. ^ Friedman, Amphibious Ships, p. 393
  155. ^ Friedman, Cruisers, p. 405
  156. ^ Friedman, Cruisers, p. 406
  157. ^ Roberts, U.S. Navy Ship Design Project Numbers
  158. ^ Roberts, U.S. Navy Ship Design Project Numbers
  159. ^ Friedman, Cruisers, p. 406
  160. ^ Friedman, Cruisers, p. 406
  161. ^ Friedman, Cruisers, p. 402
  162. ^ Roberts, U.S. Navy Ship Design Project Numbers
  163. ^ Friedman, Destroyers, pp. 299-303
  164. ^ Friedman, Destroyers, pp. 304-306
  165. ^ Friedman, Cruisers, pp. 394-398
  166. ^ Friedman, Cruisers, p. 400
  167. ^ Friedman, Cruisers, p. 400
  168. ^ Friedman, Aircraft Carriers, p. 346
  169. ^ Crierie, SCB Numbers
  170. ^ Crierie, SCB Numbers
  171. ^ Crierie, SCB Numbers
  172. ^ Friedman, Submarines, p. 199
  173. ^ Friedman, Submarines, p. 199
  174. ^ Roberts, U.S. Navy Ship Design Project Numbers
  175. ^ Roberts, U.S. Navy Ship Design Project Numbers
  176. ^ Friedman, Small Combatants, p. 209
  177. ^ Friedman, Small Combatants, p. 209
  178. ^ Crierie, SCB Numbers
  179. ^ Friedman, Amphibious Ships, p. 364
  180. ^ Friedman, Amphibious Ships, p. 365
  181. ^ Friedman, Amphibious Ships, p. 365
  182. ^ Friedman, Submarines, p. 143
  183. ^ Friedman, Submarines, p. 146
  184. ^ Friedman, Submarines, p. 143
  185. ^ Crierie, SCB Numbers
  186. ^ Crierie, SCB Numbers
  187. ^ Roberts, CM-5
  188. ^ Crierie, SCB Numbers
  189. ^ Crierie, SCB Numbers
  190. ^ Crierie, SCB Numbers
  191. ^ Crierie, SCB Numbers
  192. ^ Friedman, Destroyers, pp. 349-351
  193. ^ Friedman, Destroyers, p. 355
  194. ^ Friedman, Destroyers, p. 357
  195. ^ Friedman, Destroyers, pp. 359-361
  196. ^ Friedman, Small Combatants, p. 212
  197. ^ Friedman, Aircraft Carriers, p. 317
  198. ^ Crierie, SCB Numbers
  199. ^ Friedman, Destroyers, p. 285
  200. ^ Friedman, Submarines, p. 122
  201. ^ Crierie, SCB Numbers
  202. ^ Friedman, Aircraft Carriers, p. 280
  203. ^ Friedman, Aircraft Carriers, p. 282
  204. ^ Friedman, Destroyers, p. 306
  205. ^ Crierie, SCB Numbers
  206. ^ Crierie, SCB Numbers
  207. ^ Friedman, Submarines, p. 199
  208. ^ Friedman, Submarines, p. 199
  209. ^ see linked Wiki article
  210. ^ Roberts, AV-4
  211. ^ Friedman, Small Combatants, p. 217
  212. ^ Crierie, SCB Numbers
  213. ^ Friedman, Amphibious Ships, p. 398
  214. ^ Friedman, Destroyers, p. 316
  215. ^ Crierie, SCB Numbers
  216. ^ Fahey, p. 63
  217. ^ Crierie, SCB Numbers
  218. ^ Crierie, SCB Numbers
  219. ^ Friedman, Destroyers, p. 338
  220. ^ Crierie, SCB Numbers
  221. ^ Crierie, SCB Numbers
  222. ^ Crierie, SCB Numbers
  223. ^ Crierie, SCB Numbers
  224. ^ Crierie, SCB Numbers
  225. ^ Crierie, SCB Numbers
  226. ^ Crierie, SCB Numbers
  227. ^ Crierie, SCB Numbers
  228. ^ Friedman, Destroyers, pp. 364-370
  229. ^ Fahey, p. 13
  230. ^ Fahey, p. 12
  231. ^ Crierie, SCB Numbers
  232. ^ Fahey, pp. 49, 63
  233. ^ Friedman, Submarines, p. 149
  234. ^ Friedman, Amphibious Ships, pp. 339-344
  235. ^ Friedman, Amphibious Ships, pp. 426-430
  236. ^ Friedman, Aircraft Carriers, p. 318
  237. ^ Fahey, p. 13
  238. ^ Friedman, Small Combatants, p. 257
  239. ^ Friedman, Amphibious Ships, p. 429
  240. ^ Friedman, Cruisers, p. 398
  241. ^ Friedman, Cruisers, p. 380
  242. ^ Crierie, SCB Numbers
  243. ^ Crierie, SCB Numbers
  244. ^ Friedman, Aircraft Carriers, p. 219
  245. ^ Friedman, Aircraft Carriers, p. 306
  246. ^ Crierie, SCB Numbers
  247. ^ Friedman, Aircraft Carriers, p. 301
  248. ^ Fahey, p. 24
  249. ^ Crierie, SCB Numbers
  250. ^ Crierie, SCB Numbers
  251. ^ Crierie, SCB Numbers
  252. ^ Crierie, SCB Numbers
  253. ^ Fahey, p. 12
  254. ^ Fahey, p. 12
  255. ^ Crierie, SCB Numbers
  256. ^ Crierie, SCB Numbers
  257. ^ Roberts, U.S. Navy Ship Design Project Numbers
  258. ^ Roberts, U.S. Navy Ship Design Project Numbers
  259. ^ Roberts, U.S. Navy Ship Design Project Numbers
  260. ^ Roberts, U.S. Navy Ship Design Project Numbers
  261. ^ Roberts, U.S. Navy Ship Design Project Numbers
  262. ^ Roberts, U.S. Navy Ship Design Project Numbers
  263. ^ Roberts, U.S. Navy Ship Design Project Numbers
  264. ^ Roberts, U.S. Navy Ship Design Project Numbers
  265. ^ Roberts, U.S. Navy Ship Design Project Numbers
  266. ^ Fahey, p. 63
  267. ^ Fahey, p. 44
  268. ^ Friedman, Amphibious Ships, pp. 331-334
  269. ^ Friedman, Amphibious Ships, pp. 331-334
  270. ^ Fahey, pp. 42, 45 & 63
  271. ^ Fahey, p. 45
  272. ^ Fahey, p. 45
  273. ^ Friedman, Amphibious Ships, pp. 374-381
  274. ^ Crierie, SCB Numbers
  275. ^ Crierie, SCB Numbers
  276. ^ Crierie, SCB Numbers
  277. ^ Crierie, SCB Numbers
  278. ^ Fahey, p. 49
  279. ^ Crierie, SCB Numbers
  280. ^ Fahey, p. 63
  281. ^ Fahey, p. 49
  282. ^ Crierie, SCB Numbers
  283. ^ Fahey p. 63
  284. ^ Crierie, SCB Numbers
  285. ^ Crierie, SCB Numbers
  286. ^ Fahey, p. 63
  287. ^ Crierie, SCB Numbers
  288. ^ Crierie, SCB Numbers
  289. ^ Crierie, SCB Numbers
  290. ^ Crierie, SCB Numbers
  291. ^ Crierie, SCB Numbers
  292. ^ Crierie, SCB Numbers
  293. ^ Crierie, SCB Numbers
  294. ^ Crierie, SCB Numbers
  295. ^ Crierie, SCB Numbers
  296. ^ Crierie, SCB Numbers
  297. ^ Crierie, SCB Numbers
  298. ^ Fahey, p. 45
  299. ^ Friedman, Battleships, p. 400
  300. ^ Friedman, Destroyers, p. 161

Sources edit

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