BREAKING NEWS
Cloud Server Hosting For Online Businesses
Inexpensive SEO Services
Benefits of Wanting to play Free Online Slot machines
Shiv Sena

Summary

Shiv Sena
PresidentUddhav Thackeray
Lok Sabha leaderVinayak Raut
Rajya Sabha leaderSanjay Raut
FounderBal Thackeray
Founded19 June 1966 (54 years ago) (1966-06-19)
HeadquartersShivsena Bhavan, Dadar, Mumbai, Maharashtra
NewspaperSaamana
Student wingBharatiya Vidyarthi Sena (BVS)
Youth wingYuva Sena
Women's wingShiv Sena Mahila Aghadi
IdeologyConservatism[1]
Social conservatism[2]
Hindutva[3]
Hindu nationalism[4]
Economic nationalism[5]
Ultranationalism[6]
Right-wing populism[7]
Marathi interests
Political positionRight-wing[8] to far-right[9]
ECI StatusState Party
AllianceNDA (1998–2019)
MVA (2019–present)
Seats in Lok Sabha
18 / 545
Seats in Rajya Sabha
3 / 245
Seats in Maharashtra Legislative Assembly
56 / 288
Seats in Maharashtra Legislative Council
15 / 78
Election symbol
Indian Election Symbol Bow And Arrow.png
Website
shivsena.org
Part of a series on
Conservatism
Blue flag waving.svg
  • DodgerBlue flag waving.svg Conservatism portal
  • A coloured voting box.svg Politics portal
  • v
  • t
  • e
Part of a series on
Nationalism
  • A coloured voting box.svg Politics portal
  • v
  • t
  • e

Shiv Sena (IAST: Śiva Sēnā) (translation; Army of Shivaji), is a right-wing Marathi regional and Hindu nationalist political party founded in 1966 by cartoonist Bal Thackeray.[10] Originally emerging from nativist movements in Bombay (present-day Mumbai), the party agitates for preferential treatment for Maharashtrians over migrants from other parts of India. Its election symbol for Maharashtra is Bow and Arrow.[11] Uddhav Thackeray, Bal Thackeray's son, is party leader and serves as the current Chief Minister of Maharashtra.

Although the party's primary base is still in Maharashtra, it has tried to expand to a pan-Indian base. In the 1970s, it gradually moved from advocating a pro-Marathi ideology to one supporting a broader Hindu nationalist agenda,[12] and aligned itself with the Bharatiya Janata Party. The party started taking part in Mumbai (BMC) Municipal elections since its inception. In 1989, it entered into an alliance with the BJP for Lok Sabha as well as Maharashtra assembly elections, the latter of which was temporarily broken in October 2014 Assembly elections. The alliance was quickly reformed and Shiv Sena became part of the BJP government in Maharashtra in December 2014. It was a coalition partner in the National Democratic Alliance during 1998–2019, including the Vajpayee Government during 1998–2004 and the Narendra Modi Government during 2014-2019. After the Maharashtra elections in October 2019, Shiv Sena claimed that promises were not kept by their alliance partner BJP and broke ties. The party later joined hands with the Indian National Congress and the Nationalist Congress Party in a bid to form the government in Maharashtra.

The party has a powerful hold over the Bollywood film industry.[13] It has been referred to as an "extremist",[14][15] "chauvinist",[16][17] as well as a "fascist party".[18][19] Shiv Sena has been blamed for the 1970 communal violence in Bhiwandi, the 1984 Bhiwandi riot, and violence in the 1992–1993 Bombay riots.[20][21]

The party draws its strength from the support of the Maratha and Kunbi communities of Maharashtra which the Sena drew away from the Congress party.[22]

History

Origins

After the Independence of India in 1947, regional administrative divisions from the colonial era were gradually changed and states following linguistic borders were created. Within the Bombay Presidency, a massive popular struggle was launched for the creation of a state for the Marathi-speaking people. In 1960, the presidency was divided into two linguistic states - Gujarat and Maharashtra. Moreover, Marathi-speaking areas of the erstwhile Hyderabad state were joined with Maharashtra. Bombay, in many ways the economic capital of India, became the state capital of Maharashtra. On one hand, people belonging to the Gujarati community owned the majority of the industry and trade enterprises in the city.[23] On the other hand, there was a steady flow of South Indian migrants to the city who came to take many white-collar jobs.

In 1960 Bal Thackeray, a Bombay-based cartoonist, began publishing the satirical cartoon weekly Marmik. Through this publication, he started disseminating anti-migrant sentiments. On 19 June 1966, Thackeray founded the Shiv Sena as a political organisation.

The Shiv Sena attracted many unemployed Marathi youth, who were attracted by Thackeray's charged anti-migrant oratory. Shiv Sena cadres became involved in various attacks against the South Indian communities, vandalizing South Indian restaurants and pressuring employers to hire Marathis.[12]

Alliance with the Bharatiya Janata Party

The Sena started placing more weight on the Hindutva ideology in the 1970s as the 'sons of the soil' cause was weakening.[12]

The party began a coalition with the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) for seats in the Lok Sabha and the Maharashtra Assembly from 1989. The two formed a government in Maharashtra between 1995-1999.[24] The Sena was the opposition party in the state along with the BJP from 1999 to 2014. However, the 25 year alliance with the BJP was threatened in 2014 Maharashtra Assembly elections over seat sharing and both contested the election independently.[24] With the BJP becoming the largest party following the 2014 election, Sena declared opposition. However, after negotiations, Sena agreed to join the government in Maharashtra.[25] The Shiv Sena-BJP combine governs the Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation. Traditionally the main strongholds of Shiv Sena have been Mumbai and the Konkan coastal areas. However, in the 2004 Lok Sabha elections the result was reversed. The Shiv Sena made inroads in the interior parts of the state, while suffering losses in Mumbai.[citation needed]

In January 2018, Shiv Sena officially cut ties with the BJP and their NDA coalition ahead of the 2019 Indian general election after nearly 30 years of campaigning alongside the BJP.[26] But in February 2019, BJP and Shiv Sena again announced alliance for the general elections as well as the 2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election.[27] The election saw Shiv Sena lose votes and subsequently declined to support the BJP in forming a government over the BJP's refusal to engage in power-sharing. Shiv Sena withdrew from National Democratic Alliance, precipitating a political crisis in late October-early November 2019, which ultimately led to party leader Uddhav Thackeray becoming Chief Minister through support from the Indian National Congress, and the Nationalist Congress Party.[28]

Formation of Maharashtra Navnirman Sena

In July 2005, Former Maharashtra Chief Minister and Sena leader Narayan Rane was expelled from the party, which sparked internal conflict in the party. In December the same year Raj Thackeray, Bal Thackeray's nephew, left the party.[29] Raj Thackeray later founded a new party, Maharashtra Navnirman Sena (MNS). After the split, clashes have occurred between followers of the two Senas.[citation needed]

Although the MNS is a break-away group from the Shiv Sena, the party is still based in Bhumiputra ideology. When unveiling the party in an assembly at Shivaji Park he said, everyone is anxious to see what will happen to Hindutva and, "I shall elaborate on the party's stance on issues like Hindutva, its agenda for development of Maharashtra and the significance of the party flag colours at the 19 March public meeting."[30]

Leadership change

Bal Thackeray's son Uddhav Thackeray became the party's leader in 2004, although Bal Thackeray continued to be an important figurehead. After the death of Bal Thackeray on 17 November 2012, Uddhav became the leader of the party but refused to take the title "Shiv Sena Pramukh" (Shiv Sena Supremo).[31]

Party structure and caste composition

Structure

As the Pramukh (Chief) of the party, Bal Thackeray took all major decisions while the activists and members of the Shiv Sena Shiv Sainiks carried out most of the party's grassroots work. During his last days, the day-to-day activities of the party were handled by his youngest son Uddhav Thackeray. Aditya Thackeray, son of Uddhav Thackeray, became the leader of the Yuva Sena, the Youth Wing of the party. After Bal Thackerey's death in 2012, the party was de facto led by Uddhav Thackeray.[citation needed]

The Sena Bhavan located in the Dadar locality in Mumbai has served as the Headquarters of the Sena since 1976.[32] The Sena's shakhas (Branches) spread throughout the state of Maharashtra as well as in selected locations in other states, which decide on most of the local issues in their localities.[12]

The Sthaniya Lokadhikar Samiti[clarification needed] is affiliated with the Shiv Sena. It advocates the preservation of rights of employment for Maharashtrians in Maharashtra.[33]

Caste composition

People of various Maharashtrian castes worked together in the Sena. The party's leaders mostly came from the so-called "high castes" i.e. Brahmins, CKPs and Pathare Prabhus - Thackerey, Manohar Joshi, Sudhir Joshi, Balwant Mantri, Dr Hemchandra Gupte, Shyam Deshmukh, Madhav Deshpande, Datta Pradhan, Vijay Parvatkar, Madhukar Sarpotdar and Pramod Navalkar.[34] One of the above-mentioned leaders, Dr.Hemchandra Gupte, Mayor of Bombay in the early 70s and the former family physician and confidante of Thackeray, quit Shivsena in "disgust" citing importance given to money, violence committed by the Shivsainiks and Thackeray's support for Mrs.Gandhi during the 1975 emergency.[35]

There were also leaders from other castes such as Dattaji Salvi, Dattaji Nalawade and Wamanrao Mahadik, and those from the so-called lower castes such as Chaggan Bhujbal, Leeladhar Dake, Bhai Shingre and Vijay Gaonkar.[34]

Over the years, other than the Sena Chief, there have been twelve senior leaders in the party, called 'Netas'. Out of these, eight have been upper caste (four Brahmins, two CKPs and two Pathare Prabhus). Others have been either Maratha (Dattaji Salvi), Shimpi (Wamanrao Mahadik), Agri (Leeladhar Dake) or Mali (Chaggan Bhujbal). In fact, Bhujbal quit the party accusing the Sena of upper-caste bias in the leadership.[34]

The number of dalits were also not insignificant. And even after the Sena opposed the reservations proposed by the Mandal commission, there was no dent in the percentage of OBCs in the Sena. In this way, the Sena was successful in uniting all Maharashtrians irrespective of caste under the common "Marathi umbrella". The agenda of preferential treatment for the "sons of the soil" i.e. Maharashtrians brought them all together.[34]

Voter base

Shiv Sena's strength in the late 1980s and early '90s mainly came from the support of the Maratha caste - which it drew away from the Congress.[22] Citing the large percentage of MLAs elected from Shiv Sena belonging to the Maratha caste, Vora from the University of Pune concludes that the Shiv Sena has been emerging as a "Maratha Party".[36]

Chief Ministers

Chief Minister Portrait Term of office Days Other posts held
Manohar Joshi
Manohar Joshi cropped.jpg
 14.03.1995 - 31.01.1999 1419 days Speaker of the Lok Sabha, the lower house of Parliament of India
Narayan Rane
Narayan Rane.jpg
 01.02.1999 - 17.10.1999 258 days Minister for Revenue of Maharashtra
Uddhav Thackeray
Uddhav Thackeray.png
 28.11.2019 - 253 days President of Shiv Sena, Editor-in-chief of Saamana

Shiv Sena ministers in central Government

Electoral performance

Election Candidates Elected Votes Source
1971 Lok Sabha 5 227,468 [37]
1980 Lok Sabha 2 129,351 [38]
1989 Lok Sabha 3 1 339,426 [39]
1989 Goa Assembly 6   4,960 [40]
1991 Uttar Pradesh Assembly 14 1 45,426 [41]
1991 Lok Sabha 22 4 2,208,712 [42]
1993 Madhya Pradesh Assembly 88 75,783 [43]
1996 Lok Sabha 132 15 4,989,994 [44]
1996 Haryana Assembly 17 6,700 [45]
1997 Punjab Assembly 3 719 [46]
1998 Lok Sabha 79 6 6,528,566 [47]
1998 Delhi Assembly 32 9,395 [48]
1998 Himachal Pradesh Assembly 6 2,827 [49]
1999 Lok Sabha 63 15 5,672,412 [50]
1999 Goa Assembly 14   5,987 [51]
2000 Odisha Assembly 16   18,794 [52]
2001 Kerala Assembly 1   279 [53]
2002 Goa Assembly 15  
2004 Lok Sabha 56 12 7,056,255 [54]
2009 Lok Sabha 22 11 6,828,382 [55]
2014 Lok Sabha 20 18 10,262,981 [54]
1990 Maharashtra Assembly 183 52 47,33,834(16.39%)
1995 Maharashtra Assembly 169 73 6315493(16.39%)
1999 Maharashtra Assembly 169 69 (17.33%)
2004 Maharashtra Assembly 163 62 8351654 (19,97%)
2009 Maharashtra Assembly 160 45
2014 Maharashtra Assembly 286 63 10,235,972
2015 Bihar Assembly 80 0 2,11,131 [56][57]
2017 Goa Assembly 3 0 792 [58][59]
2019 Lok Sabha 23 18 12,589,064

Activities and criticism

The Sena says it has played a central role in the emancipation of 500,000 slum dwellers in the Dharavi area of Mumbai, the largest slum in Asia. However, the policy of giving free houses to slum dwellers has been controversial since it was introduced by the then Shiv Sena-BJP government.[60][61][62][further explanation needed]

In 1970s, Shiv Sena was opposed to the Namantar Andolan, a Dalit-led movement to change the name of Marathwada University in Aurangabad to "Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar University", and supported views of conservative Marathas.[63]

In 1996, Shiv Sena organised the first and only live concert of American pop icon Michael Jackson in India to raise the funds for its business wing and to help create over two-hundred seventy thousand jobs for people of Maharashtra.[64][65]

In December 2003, Shiv Sena activists damaged the cricket pitch of the Agra Sport Stadium which was supposed to host the cricket match between Pakistan and India.[66] In April 2005, Bharatiya Vidyarthi Sena, the student wing of Shiv Sena, attempted to prevent the India-Pakistan One-day international match being held in New Delhi. The protester's spokesman demanded:

India should not play cricket with Pakistan till it hands over to India 20 terrorists, including Dawood Ibrahim, and closes down militant training camps running there.[67]

On 20 November 2009, Shiv Sena activists attacked and vandalised the offices of Hindi and Marathi TV news channels IBN7 and IBN-Lokmat, located in Mumbai and Pune respectively. The Shivsainik slapped IBN7's senior editor Ravindra Ambekar and then attacked IBN-Lokmat's editor Nikhil Wagle. Shiv Sena attributed the attacks to the criticisms of Bal Thackeray by the news channel over his remarks on Sachin Tendulkar. Shiv Sena's Rajya Sabha MP Sanjay Raut described the attacks as "spontaneous". Shiv Sena spokespersons tried to justify the attacks and refused to apologize for their acts of violence.[68][69][70]

Shiv Sena got an entry in Guinness Book of World Records in 2010 for "collecting maximum blood in a day". Shiv Sena organized a blood donation camp which collected over 24,000 bottles of blood in a single day.[71][72] Later this world record was broken by a blood donation camp of HDFC Bank in 2014.[73]

In October 2015, Shiv Sena issued threats which enforced a ban on a scheduled concert by Pakistani classic singer Ghulam Ali. The move was adopted to appease anti-Pakistan constituents to vote for Sena in coming elections.[74] However, in 2015 Pakistan urged the international community to take note of the activities of Shiv Sena,[75] while Shiv Sena claimed that criticism of Shiv Sena by Pakistan vindicates "our patriotism".[76]

On 19 October 2015, Shiv Sena activists attacked and vandalised the office of BCCI to stop a meeting between PCB and BCCI officials. The activists shouted anti-Pakistan slogans and held posters that read 'Shahryar Khan go back', determined to stop Manohar from meeting his Pakistani counterpart. Shiv Sena has also threatened to stop Pakistan's Aleem Dar from officiating in the fifth and final ODI between India and South Africa.[77]

In 2015 Shiv Sena announced 10,000 rupees help to each drought-affected farmer of Marathwada region,[78] while they also announced 2 lakh rupees "reward" to Hindus family who had 5 children between 2010 and 2015 in Uttar Pradesh. As per Shiv Sena, the reason behind the "reward" was "decline in growth rate of Hindu population compared to Muslim population as per recent census".[79][80]

In April 2019, party member Sanjay Raut called for the burka to be banned.[81][82]

During the 2018 Maharashtra Council election and the 2014 Lok Sabha elections, many candidates fielded by Shiv Sena had criminal records or had criminal charges pending against them.[83][84]

See also

References

  1. ^
    • "Like Mann Ki Baat and Chai Pe Charcha, Shiv Sena starts branding its public interactions". ThePrint. 22 August 2019. Archived from the original on 16 February 2020. Retrieved 16 February 2020. ...the usually-conservative Shiv Sena has now moved to give itself a branding twist with events like ‘Aaditya Samvad’,‘Friends of Aaditya’ and ‘Mauli Samvad’ — with a bit of advice from poll strategist Prashant Kishor.
    • "No chance for young blood? Shiv Sena has bet on ageing war horses, say analysts". The Times of India. 24 March 2019. Retrieved 16 February 2020. Renominations for leaders like Chandrakant Khaire, Bhavna Gawli, Anandrao Adsul and Union minister Anant Gite for the Lok Sabha elections reflect the Shiv Sena’s conservative mindset, they added.
    • "The Slumdog Millionaire Architect". The New York Times. 19 June 2014. Retrieved 16 February 2020. In 1995, when the conservative Shiv Sena Party took power in elections in Maharashtra state (Mumbai is its capital)...
  2. ^ "Mumbai on high alert after politician dies". Financial Times. 17 November 2012.
  3. ^ Purandare, Vaibhav (2014). Bal Thackeray and the rise of Shiv Sena. Roli Books.
  4. ^ "India's ultra-right Shiv Sena party forms coalition government with seculars". Arab News. 26 November 2019. Archived from the original on 29 November 2019. Retrieved 28 January 2020.
  5. ^ Kale, Sunila (2014). Electrifying India: Regional Political Economies of Development. Stanford University Press. p. 94.
  6. ^
    • "South Asia | Indian cricket offices attacked". BBC News. 18 January 1999. Retrieved 2 December 2015.
    • "South Asia | Poll ban for Hindu leader". BBC News. 28 July 1999. Retrieved 2 December 2015.
    • "South Asia | Hindu activists call off cricket protest". BBC News. 21 January 1999. Retrieved 2 December 2015.
    • "Mistry defends book dropped at Mumbai University – Arts & Entertainment – CBC News". Cbc.ca. 19 October 2010. Retrieved 2 December 2015.
    • Mark Magnier (8 March 2012). "In India, battle continues over Hindu temple's riches – latimes". Los Angeles Times. Articles.latimes.com. Retrieved 2 December 2015.
  7. ^ Freesden, Michael (2013). Comparative Political Thought. Routledge. p. 82.
  8. ^
    • Siddharthya Roy (9 December 2019). "Understanding Maharashtra's Political Game of Thrones". the Diplomat. Retrieved 4 January 2020. The ball now was in the court of the BJP’s oldest ally in the state as well as at the central level: the Shiv Sena, a regionalist right-wing force, which won 56 seats.
    • Malladi Rama Rao (4 January 2020). "Indian Citizenship Row Did Modi, Shah lose the plot?". BBC. Archived from the original on 3 January 2020. Retrieved 4 January 2020. “Rather than uniting Hindus against Muslims, what the duo have succeeded in doing is to alienate their own hard-core allies, namely the right-wing Shiv Sena and those erring Hindutva fans that had elected the Bharatiya Janata Party government in Assam.
    • Soutik Biswas (18 July 2019). "Maharashtra: The unravelling of India's BJP and Shiv Sena alliance". Asian Tribune. Retrieved 4 January 2020. Consider this. The 53-year-old Shiv Sena is a stridently right-wing Hindu party. It began as an ethnic, nativist outfit to support the interests of Mumbai's Marathi-speaking people.
  9. ^
    • "Shiv Sena attack derails India-Pakistan cricket talks". BBC. 19 October 2015.
    • "Hindu nationalists in India renew demand for temple". The Straits Times. 7 December 2018.
    • "Shiv Sena workers to 'commit suicide' if women enter prominent Kerala temple". The Express Tribune. 15 October 2018.
    • "Shiv Sena received 80% of all donations above Rs 20,000 to regional parties in 2015-'16: Report". Scroll.in. 18 January 2017. Archived from the original on 9 November 2019. Retrieved 13 December 2018.
  10. ^ Berger, Peter; Heidemann, Frank (3 June 2013). The Modern Anthropology of India: Ethnography, Themes and Theory. Routledge. p. 179. ISBN 978-1-134-06111-2.
  11. ^ Pradeep Kaushal (28 September 2015). "Shiv Sena finds Jharkhand Mukti Morcha has first right to symbol". indianexpress.com. New Delhi: The Indian Express. Retrieved 28 April 2020. Shivsena's bow-and-arrow symbol is the same as that of the Jharkhand Mukti Morcha.
  12. ^ a b c d "Know Your Party: Shiv Sena". Rediff.com. Retrieved 22 July 2006.
  13. ^ Dean, Nelson. "Author Rohinton Mistry slams Mumbai University after book ban". telegraph.co.uk. Retrieved 27 August 2012.
  14. ^ Ahmed, Z.S.; Balasubramanian, R. (2010). Extremism in Pakistan and India: The Case of the Jamaat-e-Islami and Shiv Sena. Colombo: Regional Centre for Strategic Studies (RCSS).
  15. ^ Mehta, Ved (1994). Rajiv Gandhi and Rama's Kingdom. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. p. 157.
  16. ^ Bagchi, Amiya (2002). Capital and Labour Redefined:India and the Third World. London: Anthem Press. p. 344.
  17. ^ Kaminsky, Arnold (2011). India Today: An Encyclopedia of Life in the Republic. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. p. 628.
  18. ^ Chandavarkar, Rajnayaran (3 September 2009). History, Culture and the Indian City (1st ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 29. ISBN 978-0-521-76871-9.
  19. ^ Jeff Haynes (7 April 2011). Religion, Politics and International Relations. Taylor & Francis. p. 150. ISBN 978-1-136-73753-4. Retrieved 18 November 2012.
  20. ^ Human Rights Watch World Report 1999. Human Rights Watch. 1998. p. 186. ISBN 978-1-56432-190-9.
  21. ^ Brown, Cynthia (1995). Playing the "communal Card": Communal Violence and Human Rights. Human Rights Watch. p. 27. ISBN 978-1-56432-152-7.
  22. ^ a b Kanta Murali (2017). Caste, Class, and Capital: The Social and Political Origins of Economic Policy in India. Cambridge University Press. pp. 236–237. ISBN 978-1-107-15450-6. Shiv Sena's strength primarily came from Maratha support, which it drew away from the Congress
  23. ^ "Sena fate: From roar to meow". The Times of India. 29 November 2005. Retrieved 11 August 2006.
  24. ^ a b "Maharashtra elections: BJP ends 25-year-old alliance with Shiv Sena as seat-sharing talks fail". ibnlive.in.com. Retrieved 26 October 2014.
  25. ^ Shiv Sena to join Fadnavis govt; gives up claim to home minister, deputy CM post, Indian Express, 4 December 2014
  26. ^ "Shiv Sena Breaks Ties With BJP In Maharashtra". 24 January 2018.
  27. ^ "BJP and Shiv Sena seal deal for 2019 Lok Sabha polls; to contest in 25, 23 seats respectively". Economic Times. 18 February 2019. Retrieved 26 March 2019.
  28. ^ "BJP loses its oldest ally Shiv Sena". The Economic Times. 12 November 2019. Retrieved 1 March 2020.
  29. ^ "Senior Shiv Sena leader quits". BBC. 18 December 2005. Retrieved 25 October 2014.
  30. ^ "Raj Thackeray launches new party". Press Trust of India. 9 March 2006. Retrieved 25 October 2014.
  31. ^ "Uddhav takes father's powers, but not Shiv Sena 'pramukh' title". Times of India. 2 December 2012.
  32. ^ "Thackeray inaugurates new Sena bhavan". NDTV news. Retrieved 29 July 2006.
  33. ^ Business India. A.H. Advani. 1996. Retrieved 24 February 2012.
  34. ^ a b c d Vaibhav Purandare (2012). Bal Thackeray and the rise of Shiv Sena. Roli Books. p. 106. ISBN 9788174369918. Its (Sena's) thrust on the economic upliftment of Maharashtrians and demand for preferential treatment of the sons of soil in employment drew the working class towards it. They wanted someone to focus on the issue that mattered to them most:Jobs. Besides, people of various castes worked together in the Sena. Though, from among the party's leaders, Thackerey, Manohar Joshi, Sudhir Joshi, Balwant Mantri, Dr Hemchandra Gupte, Shyam Deshmukh, Madhav Deshpande, Datta Pradhan, Vijay Parvatkar, Madhukar Sarpotdar and Pramod Navalkar came from the so called high castes (they were either Brahmins, Pathare Prabhus or Chandraseniya Kayastha Prabhus) and middle class localities like Dadar and Girgaum, rubbing shoulders with them were leaders from the working class areas of Lalbaug-Parel such as Dattaji Salvi, Dattaji Nalavade and Wamanrao Mahadik, and those from the so called lower castes such as Chaggan Bhujbal, Leeladhar Dake, Bhai Shingre and Vijay Gaonkar.... In fact, 70 per cent of Sainiks have belonged to the OBC category, and even after the party opposed the Mandal Commission recommendations, the percentage of OBCs in the Sena did not go down.
  35. ^ Thomas Blom Hansen (2001). Wages of Violence : Naming and identity in postcolonial Bombay. Princeton University Press. p. 238. ISBN 0691088403. 18: According to Hemchandra Gupte, a former confidante of Thackeray, his major reason for leaving the party for his growing disgust with the prominence of money and the "goonda'ization" of the party(interview , 5th October 1992). 21.Interview, 3 October 1992, with Hemchandra Gupte, physician, formerly Bal Thackeray's family doctor, and Shiv Sena's mayor of Bombay from 1971 to 1972. Dr. Gupte left Shiv Sena in 1976 because of Thackerey's support for Mrs.Gandhi and the emergency.
  36. ^ Rajendra Vora (4 May 2012). Christophe Jaffrelot; Sanjay Kumar (eds.). Rise of the Plebeians?: The Changing Face of the Indian Legislative Assemblies. pp. 240, 241. ISBN 9781136516627. The Shiv Sena is emerging as another Maratha party if we go by the number of Marathas elected on its ticket in the last four elections to the Vidhan Sabha.
  37. ^ accessed 29 June 2008 [dead link]
  38. ^ TitlePage-VolI_LS99.PDF Archived 11 September 2008 at the Wayback Machine
  39. ^ TitlePage-VolI_LS99.PDF Archived 11 September 2008 at the Wayback Machine
  40. ^ List Of Political Parties Archived 11 September 2008 at the Wayback Machine
  41. ^ http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/Stat_Rep_UP_91.pdf
  42. ^ accessed 29 June 2008 [dead link]
  43. ^ rptDetailedResults Archived 11 September 2008 at the Wayback Machine
  44. ^ [1] Archived 4 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine
  45. ^ TitlePage_HR-96.PDF Archived 11 September 2008 at the Wayback Machine
  46. ^ TitlePage_PU-96.PDF Archived 11 September 2008 at the Wayback Machine
  47. ^ [2] Archived 4 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine
  48. ^ rptProgrammeOFElections Archived 11 September 2008 at the Wayback Machine
  49. ^ rptProgrammeOFElections Archived 11 September 2008 at the Wayback Machine
  50. ^ [3] Archived 4 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine
  51. ^ TitlePageGA99.PDF Archived 11 September 2008 at the Wayback Machine
  52. ^ "Key Highlights of General Election, 2000 to The Legislative Assembly of Orissa" (PDF). Election Commission of India. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 September 2008.
  53. ^ "List of Contestants of Shivsena(SHS) in KERALA". Election Commission of India. Archived from the original on 10 February 2009. Retrieved 29 June 2008.
  54. ^ a b [4] Archived 4 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine
  55. ^ [5][dead link]
  56. ^ "Partywise Result". eciresults.nic.in.
  57. ^ "After Bihar 'win', Shiv Sena eyes Uttar Pradesh - News". Mid-day.com. Retrieved 2 December 2015.
  58. ^ "Goa Assembly Election 2017: MGP-Shiv Sena-GSM form grand alliance to contest polls - Firstpost". www.firstpost.com.
  59. ^ "Election Commission of India- State Election, 2017 to the Legislative Assembly Of Goa" (PDF). Retrieved 5 February 2018.
  60. ^ "Rediff News".
  61. ^ "'Highrises don't suit Dharavi slum dwellers'". The Times of India.
  62. ^ "The Tribune, Chandigarh, - Elections 2004".
  63. ^ "The nativist's dilemma". The Indian Express. 14 October 2014. Retrieved 2 December 2015.
  64. ^ 25/06/2015 12:11 IST (25 June 2015). "The Way We Were: Footage of Michael Jackson's 1996 Trip To Mumbai". Huffingtonpost.in. Retrieved 2 December 2015.
  65. ^ "Leader who brought ethnic politics to Mumbai melting pot". The Hindu. Retrieved 1 December 2016.
  66. ^ "Shiv Sena activists damage cricket pitch". Siliconindia.com. 18 December 2003. Retrieved 9 July 2013.
  67. ^ "Sena squad for Kotla". www.hindu.com. Chennai: The Hindu. 15 April 2005. Retrieved 18 February 2012.
  68. ^ "In the name of their Boss, Sena goons attack IBN TV channels".
  69. ^ "Sena leader admits attack on media". IBNLive.
  70. ^ "'Shiv Sena workers' attack ibn offices in Mum". IBNLive.
  71. ^ Kiran Tare (26 April 2010). "24,200 donors help Sena set record | Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis". Dnaindia.com. Retrieved 2 December 2015.
  72. ^ "Shiv Sena makes record collection at blood donation camp | Zee News". Zeenews.india.com. 25 April 2010. Retrieved 2 December 2015.
  73. ^ "HDFC Bank sets Guinness record in blood collection". The Hindu. 14 April 2014. Retrieved 2 December 2015.
  74. ^ "BJP-Shiv Sena Ghulam Ali stand-off: Why differences between them may increase". The Indian Express. 9 October 2015. Retrieved 9 October 2015.
  75. ^ "Pakistan urges world to take notice of Shiv Sena activities - Pakistan". Dawn.Com. Retrieved 2 December 2015.
  76. ^ "Pakistan's stand on party activities vindicates our patriotism: Shiv Sena | Business Standard News". Business-standard.com. Retrieved 2 December 2015.
  77. ^ "Shiv Sena activists storm BCCI HQ over Shaharyar-Manohar meeting". Dawn News. 19 October 2015. Retrieved 9 November 2015.
  78. ^ The author has posted comments on this article. "Shiv Sena will give Rs 10,000 to each drought-affected farmer, says Uddhav Thackeray - The Times of India". Timesofindia.indiatimes.com. Retrieved 2 December 2015.
  79. ^ "Every Hindu family with five children will get Rs 2 lakh: Shiv Sena". The Indian Express. 29 August 2015. Retrieved 2 December 2015.
  80. ^ The author has posted comments on this article (30 August 2015). "Shiv Sena to give Rs 2 lakh to every Hindu family with 5 kids - The Times of India". Timesofindia.indiatimes.com. Retrieved 2 December 2015.
  81. ^ https://www.reuters.com/article/us-sri-lanka-blasts-burqa-india/hardline-indian-group-allied-with-modi-calls-for-ban-on-the-veil-idUSKCN1S739A
  82. ^ https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/shiv-sena-calls-for-ban-on-burqa-in-public-places/articleshow/69123648.cms
  83. ^ "Shiv Sena tops list of candidates with criminal background in Maharashtra legislative council polls". The New Indian Express. Retrieved 31 May 2019.
  84. ^ IANS (7 March 2014). "Shiv Sena tops list of candidates with criminal cases: ADR". Business Standard India. Retrieved 31 May 2019.

Further reading

  • Ethnicity and Equality: The Shiv Sena Party and Preferential Policies in Bombay, MF Katzenstein – 1979 – Cornell University Press
  • Warriors in Politics: Hindu Nationalism, Violence, and the Shiv Sena in India, S Banerjee – 2000 – Westview Press
  • The Charisma of Direct Action: Power, Politics, and the Shiv Sena, JM Eckert – 2003 – Oxford University Press
  • Shiv Sena: An Assessment, Palshikar, Suhas, Department of Politics and Public Administration, University of Pune, Pune (1999)
  • Maximum City: Bombay Lost and Found, 'Power', chapter 3, Mumbai, Mehta, Suketu, Penguin Books (2005)

External links

  • Official website