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Shockley diode

Summary

The Shockley diode (named after physicist William Shockley) is a four-layer semiconductor diode, which was one of the first semiconductor devices invented. It is a PNPN diode with alternating layers of P-type and N-type material. It is equivalent to a thyristor with a disconnected gate. Shockley diodes were manufactured and marketed by Shockley Semiconductor Laboratory in the late 1950s. The Shockley diode has a negative resistance characteristic.[1] It was largely superseded by the diac.

Shockley diode
InventedWilliam Shockley
Pin configuration Anode and Cathode
Electronic symbol
Shockley diode schematic symbol
A sculpture representing a Shockley 4-layer diode, on the sidewalk in front of the new building at 391 San Antonio Rd., Mountain View, California, which was the original site of the Shockley Semiconductor Laboratories where the first silicon device work in Silicon Valley was done

Working edit

 
Unlike other semiconductor diodes, the Shockley diode has more than one PN junction. The construction includes four sections of semiconductors placed alternately between the anode and cathode in the pattern of PNPN. Though it has multiple junctions, it is termed a diode for being a two-terminal device.

The Shockley diode remains in an OFF state, with a very high resistance, until a voltage greater than the trigger voltage is applied across its terminals. When the voltage exceeds the trigger value, the resistance drops to an extremely low value and the device switches ON. The constituent transistors help in maintaining the ON and OFF states. Since the construction resembles a pair of interconnected bipolar transistors, one PNP and other NPN, neither transistor can turn ON until the other is turned ON due to the absence of any current through the base-emitter junction. Once sufficient voltage is applied and one of the transistors breaks down, it starts conducting and allows base current to flow through the other transistor, resulting in saturation of both the transistors, keeping both in ON state.

On reducing the voltage to a sufficiently low level, the current flowing becomes insufficient to maintain the transistor bias. Due to insufficient current, one of the transistors will cut off, interrupting the base current to the other transistor, hence sealing both transistors in the OFF state.

Usages edit

Common applications:

Niche applications:

Typical values edit

 
V–I diagram
Description Range[4] Typically
Forward operation
Switching voltage Vs 10 V to 250 V 50 V ± 4 V
Holding voltage Vh 0.5 V to 2 V 0.8 V
Switching current Is a few µA to some mA 120 µA
Hold current IH 1 to 50 mA 14 to 45 mA
Reverse operation
Reverse current IR 15 µA
Reverse breakdown voltage Vrb 10 V to 250 V 60 V

Dynistor edit

 
Dynistor

Small-signal Shockley diodes are no longer manufactured, but the unidirectional thyristor breakover diode, also known as the dynistor, is a functionally equivalent power device. An early publication about dynistors was published in 1958.[5] In 1988 the first dynistor using silicon carbide was made.[6] Dynistors can be used as switches in micro- and nanosecond power pulse generators.[7]

References edit

  • Michael Riordan and Lillian Hoddeson; Crystal Fire: The Invention of the Transistor and the Birth of the Information Age. New York: Norton (1997) ISBN 0-393-31851-6 pbk.
  1. ^ "Transistor Museum Photo Gallery Shockley Diode 4 LayerTransistor". semiconductormuseum.com. Retrieved 2019-04-09.
  2. ^ "Transistor Museum Photo Gallery Shockley Diode Transistor 4 Layer". semiconductormuseum.com. Retrieved 2019-04-09.
  3. ^ "Just Diodes In Hi-Fi Amplifier". 2007-02-21. Archived from the original on 2007-02-21. Retrieved 2019-04-09.
  4. ^ Willfried Schurig (1971), amateurreihe electronica: Kennlinien elektronischer Bauelemente. Teil II: Halbleiter Dioden (in German), Berlin: Deutscher Militärverlag, p. 119
  5. ^ Pittman, P. (Spring 1958). The application of the dynistor diode to off-on controllers. 1958 IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference. Digest of Technical Papers. Vol. I. pp. 55–56. doi:10.1109/ISSCC.1958.1155602.
  6. ^ Chelnokov, V. E.; Vainshtein, S. N.; Levinshtein, M. E.; Dmitriev, V. A. (1988-08-04). "First SiC dynistor". Electronics Letters. 24 (16): 1031–1033. doi:10.1049/el:19880702. ISSN 1350-911X.
  7. ^ Aristov, Yu.V.; Grekhov, I.V.; Korotkov, S.V.; Lyublinsky, A.G. (September 22–26, 2008). "Dynistor Switches for Micro- and Nanosecond Power Pulse Generators". Acta Physica Polonica A. 115 (6). Proceedings of the 2nd Euro-Asian Pulsed Power Conference, Vilnius, Lithuania, September 22–26, 2008: 1031–1033. doi:10.12693/APhysPolA.115.1031.

External links edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Shockley diodes.
  • Shockley diode analysis
  • Shockley diode information
  • Transistor Diodes, by Shockley himself (Jan. 1960)