Sigma Chemical Company of St. Louis and Aldrich Chemical Company of Milwaukee were both American specialty chemical companies when they merged in August 1975. The company grew throughout the 1980s and 1990s, with significant expansion in facilities, acquisitions and diversification into new market sectors.^{[citation needed]}

Early history edit

• 1935 – Midwest Consultants was founded in St Louis by brothers Aaron and Bernard Fischer, who hired chemical engineer Daniel Broida.^[10]
  • 1946 – Sigma was formed from Midwest Consultants and manufactured just adenosine triphosphate. They were the first to manufacture pure ATP.^[11]
  • 1972 – Sigma's IPO^[12]
• 1951 – Aldrich founded in Milwaukee by Alfred Bader and Jack Eisendrath and manufactured just 1-methyl-3-nitro-1-nitrosoguanidine.
  • 1966 – Aldrich's IPO^[13]
  • 1972 – Subsidiary Aldrich-Boranes launched to manufacture hydroboration products
• 1975 – Merger of Sigma Chemical and Aldrich Chemical to created Sigma-Aldrich.^[14] Their first year earned $43 million in sales.^[15]
• 1999 – Sigma-Aldrich reaches $1 billion in sales
• 2005 – Announced membership in The RNAi Consortium^[16]
• 2014 – Merck KGaA announced that it would purchase Sigma-Aldrich for approx. $17 billion (€13.1 billion).^[17][18]
• November 3, 2014 – Sigma-Aldrich filed a definitive proxy statement with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission to hold a special investors meeting regarding approval for the sale to Merck KGaA.^[19]

Acquisitions edit

1970s edit

• 1978 – Makor Chemicals

1980s edit

• 1984 – Pathfinder
• 1986 – Bio Yeda, Bristol Organics
• 1989 – Fluka Chemie AG (Swiss company founded in the 1950s) purchased for $39 million.

1990s edit

• 1993 – Supelco, Inc. acquired to enter the chromatography market
• 1994 – LabKemi AB
• 1997 – Research Biochemicals International, Riedel-de-Haen, Techcares Systems, Carbolabs, YA Kemia
• 1998 – Genosys

2000s edit

• 2000 – First Medical Inc., Amelung GmbH, ARK Scientific
• 2001 – ISOTEC (produces stable isotopes used in basic research and medical diagnostics)^[20]
• 2004 – Ultrafine (a supplier of contract manufacturing services for drug development), Tetrionics (a producer of high potency and cytotoxic active pharmaceutical ingredients)^[21]
• 2005 – JRH Biosciences,^[22] an industrial supplier of cell culture products for the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries; Proligo Group, a global supplier of genomics research tools
• 2006 – Beijing Superior Chemicals,^[23] Iropharm, Pharmorphix,^[24] Advanced Separation Technologies^[25] (manufacturer of products for chiral chromatography)
• 2007 – Epichem^[26] acquired to expand capabilities in materials sciences and semiconductor markets; Molecular Medicine BioServices acquired to provide large-scale viral manufacturing capabilities; announced alliance with Sangamo BioSciences to develop zinc finger-based laboratory research reagents
• 2009 – ChemNavigator
• 2010 – Cerilliant Corporation, ACE Animals
• 2011 – Resource Technology Corp, Vetec Quimica Fina
• 2012 – Research Organics Inc., BioReliance (a toxicology and veterinary diagnostics company);^[27] BioReliance had previously been acquired by Invitrogen and subsequently sold to Avista Capital Partners.^[28]
• 2014 – Cell Marque^[29]
• 2015 – Combined with EMD Millipore to make MilliporeSigma.^{[citation needed]}

Key numbers for Sigma-Aldrich.^[30]

Revenues:^[31]

• $2.79 billion (2014)

Products:

• 100,000 chemical products (46,000 manufactured)
• 30,000 laboratory equipment products

Customers:

• Approximately one million individual customers worldwide
• 88,000 accounts

Geographies (% of 2008 sales):

• United States 35%
• Europe 43%
• Canada, Asia Pacific, Latin America 22%

Aldrich is a supplier in the research and fine chemicals market. Aldrich provides organic and inorganic chemicals, building blocks, reagents, advanced materials and stable isotopes for chemical synthesis, medicinal chemistry and materials science. Aldrich's chemicals catalog, the "Aldrich Catalog and Handbook" is often used as a handbook due to the inclusion of structures, physical data, and literature references.

Sigma is the Sigma-Aldrich's main biochemical supplier, with offerings including antibiotics, buffers, carbohydrates, enzymes, forensic tools, hematology and histology, nucleotides, proteins, peptides, amino acids and their derivatives.

Sigma RBI produces specialized products for use in the field of cell signaling and neuroscience. Their offerings range from standard biochemical reagents to specialized research tools, including ligands for receptors and ion channels, enzyme inhibitors, phosphospecific antibodies, key signal transduction enzymes, and assay kits for cell signaling.

ISOTEC provides isotopically labeled products for protein structure determination, peptide synthesis, proteomics, metabolic research, magnetic resonance imaging, nuclear magnetic resonance, breath test substrates, agriculture, as well as gas and gas mixes.

Riedel-de Haën was incorporated with Sigma-Aldrich in 1999 and manufactures reagents and standards.

Supelco is the chromatography products branch of Sigma-Aldrich. It provides chromatography columns and related tools for environmental, government, food and beverage, pharmaceutical, biotechnology, medical and chemical laboratories; sample preparation products and chemical reference standards.

Sigma-Aldrich Fine Chemicals (SAFC) is the fine chemical supply branch of Sigma-Aldrich specializing in raw materials for cell culture products; customized services for raw materials, manufacturing of active pharmaceutical ingredients.

Sigma Life Science provides products such as custom DNA/RNA oligos; custom DNA and LNA probes; siRNA; isotopically-labelled peptides and peptide libraries.

Sigma Advanced Genetic Engineering (SAGE) Labs is a division within Sigma-Aldrich that specializes in genetic manipulation of in vivo systems for special research and development applications. It was formed in 2008 to investigate zinc finger nuclease technology and its application for disease research models. Located in St. Louis, Missouri, SAGE Labs have developed knockout rats for the study of human diseases and disorders (such as autism), which are sold for up to US$95,000. SAGE also announced its first successful effort in creating a "knockout rabbit".^[32] Its facilities include a specific pathogen free, biosecure vivarium as well as research and development labs.

Carbolabs produces research quantities of chemicals produced by phosgenation reactions. The company was acquired in 1998.^[33]

BioReliance provides testing and manufacturing services to pharmaceutical and biopharmaceutical companies that span the product cycle from early pre-clinical development to licensed production. The company was acquired by Sigma Aldrich in January 2012.

Matthias Heinzel became CEO of the Life Science business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany in April 2021 following Udit Batra's departure from the company. ^[34]

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