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Sigma Mu Sigma

Summary

Sigma Mu Sigma (ΣΜΣ) is a former American college fraternity founded in 1921 at Tri-State University. Sigma Mu Sigma was historically an all-male social fraternity open originally to Master Masons, and later open to all undergraduate male students.[2] As a national fraternity, Sigma Mu Sigma dissolved in 1935 when it was absorbed by Tau Kappa Epsilon.[2] Sigma Mu Sigma was later revived, developed another dozen chapters, and several of these were absorbed by Kappa Sig, Acacia and others. A few remaining chapters of Sigma Mu Sigma transformed into a co-ed service fraternity in 1984 but went defunct around 2020.

Sigma Mu Sigma
ΣΜΣ
The official coat of arms of Sigma Mu Sigma
FoundedMarch 25, 1921; 103 years ago (1921-03-25)
Trine University (Tri-State)
TypeCoed Service
AffiliationNIC (former)
ScopeNational
Colors  Azure and   Gold
SymbolLamp, All-Seeing Eye,
open book, clasped hands
FlowerEgyptian lotus[1]
Chapters0
Members6,700 lifetime
Merged withTau Kappa Epsilon (1935)
Second mergerKappa Sigma, and scattered
ReestablishedSigma Mu Sigma (1984)
Headquarters 22031
United States

Early history edit

In 1921, Sigma Mu Sigma was founded by three Knights Templar students at Tri-State College in Angola, Indiana. The three founders were Claude Brown, Charles Knapp, and Harold Van Vranken.[3] ΣΜΣ was founded as a fraternity exclusively for Master Masons with a zeal for the promotion of the fraternity's cardinal principles of sincerity, morality, and scholarship. Its founding date was Good Friday, March 25, 1921.[3]

At the time of the fraternity's founding, Tri-State College had a ban on secret societies; however, several sub-rosa organizations were known to exist on campus. The three founders of ΣΜΣ selected nine other students who were also Master Masons and among the top students at the college. Sigma Mu Sigma announced its formation to administrators and professors of the college. Faced with the possibility of expelling twelve of the top students at Tri-State, the college moved to end its ban on fraternities.

The fraternity's original intent was to limit membership to Master Masons and to maintain the scholarship standards of Phi Beta Kappa. This was soon found to be impracticable and the Phi Beta Kappa standard was soon dropped. However, the fraternity did require a high scholarship record of its pledges.[1]

Sigma Mu Sigma became a junior member of the North-American Interfraternity Conference (NIC) in 1928.[1] In 1929, the fraternity's membership requirements were changed to allow both Masons and sons of Masons.[1]

Merger with TKE edit

In the early 1930s, the United States was in the midst of the Great Depression, resulting in college enrollment and fraternity membership dropping significantly. The effect was especially felt on Sigma Mu Sigma because of the added constraints of its Masonic membership requirement. In the fall of 1934, Sigma Mu Sigma national decided to dissolve itself and allow its chapters to be absorbed by Tau Kappa Epsilon. Sigma Mu Sigma had nine chapters at the time of the decision.

The merger was effected in March 1935 with the Epsilon chapter at George Washington University becoming the Alpha-Pi chapter of ΤΚΕ. Sigma Mu Sigma's Zeta chapter at Purdue University and the Eta chapter at the University of Illinois merged with existing ΤΚΕ chapters at their respective campuses. While these three chapters found a new national affiliation in ΤΚΕ, the remaining chapters did not participate: The Beta, Gamma, Delta, and Theta chapters dissolved.[4] But both Alpha and Iota chapters chose to remain as independent Sigma Mu Sigma chapters without a national organization.

One year later, in 1936, Alpha chapter affiliated with Alpha Lambda Tau, signaling that for some reason, a 1935 merger with ΤΚΕ had been unworkable. Small nationals were merging or dissolving across the country during this difficult time, however for the Tri-State chapter, the reason may have been that they were unwelcome. At this juncture, chapters at some schools were incompatible with the larger nationals because the NIC (as well as the NPC) required that Full member fraternities may only allow chapters at accredited institutions. ΣΜΣ had been a Junior member; ΤΚΕ was a Full member. Hence, as Tri-State was not yet accredited, the chapter may have realized or been advised it was ineligible for a charter with ΤΚΕ. This may have been the reason it remained local, then joined the smaller national fraternity of Alpha Lambda Tau, also a Junior NIC member.[5][3] The Iota chapter lingered for a few years, and was inactive by 1940.

Redevelopment edit

Clyde E. Shaw, a ΣΜΣ brother and faculty member of the Tri-State chapter, revived the fraternity in 1940, four years after his original chapter had joined Alpha Lambda Tau as its Psi chapter.[2] (To complete the story on the original chapter, Alpha Lambda Tau was a small national fraternity that in 1947 would later itself merge into ΤΚΕ as a coincidental, second national merger, that time bringing the Tri-State chapter along with it briefly; but within a year the Tri-State group, now called Beta-Epsilon chapter of ΤΚΕ was forced to return its newly-won charter because of the accreditation problem. The resilient Tri-State group then joined Kappa Sigma Kappa, and was granted a charter from Kappa Sigma just after Tri-State earned accreditation. The chapter survives to the present day.)

Meanwhile, while Shaw's original chapter was proceeding through these several affiliations, his newly-re-established Alpha chapter of Sigma Mu Sigma was reborn through his efforts, and able to successfully navigate the manpower drain of World War II, stabilizing into a thriving chapter as the only existent active group of his re-established fraternity. This chapter, now operating as a local fraternity with the name Sigma Mu Sigma, changed its membership requirements to allow non-Masons to join. Alpha chapter remained the only chapter of ΣΜΣ from 1940 to 1952.

Merger with Sigma Alpha Chi edit

In August 1952, the Alpha chapter of Sigma Mu Sigma decided to merge with Sigma Alpha Chi, another Masonic fraternity that had been originally known as Square and Compass.

Square and Compass had originated as a club of Master Masons (The Masonic Club) at Washington and Lee University in 1897. Twenty years later, there was interest in a Greek-letter affiliation, but Acacia was unworkable as many of The Masonic Club's members had varied fraternity affiliations. It adopted the name Square and Compass in 1916 and incorporated it on May 12, 1917. Members considered that event to be their formal founding. Square and Compass adopted the Masonic model where interested candidates applied for membership rather than a bidding process. Expansion plans were put on hold, however, as on the eve of World War II, two leaders of the organization left immediately to enter the ROTC. Before the end of the 1917 college year, all of the founders were either in the Army or the Navy.

In the fall of 1919, Carl A. Foss, the secretary of the fraternity, which was still a local group, returned to Washington and Lee University to complete his education. Foss reorganized the fraternity with the help of Thomas J. Farrar and others. By the beginning of World War II, it had initiated nearly 4,500 members and had expanded to 57 chapters. Square and Compass was inactive for the duration of the war, opening once again for both Masons and sons of Masons. However, a decline in viability during the Great Depression and rising tensions before the war led to a precipitous loss of chapters. Some members lobbied for the adoption of Greek letters as a way of sparking new interest. These pressures prompted Square and Compass to adopt the Greek letter name of Sigma Alpha Chi in 1950; the organization became Square and Compass–Sigma Alpha Chi.[2][1] Their

Two years later, on August 3, 1952, Square and Compass and Sigma Mu Sigma voted to merge; the merged organization became known officially as Sigma Mu Sigma–Square and Compass.[3][2] The merger linked Sigma Mu Sigma with four chapters from Sigma Alpha Chi and led to another period of moderate growth.[3] The other Square and Compass chapters dissipated.[4]

  • Badge: Diamond Shaped with M, F, C & E at the four corners and two secret characters in the center of the badge.[6]
  • Pledge Button: Circle divided by an S in navy blue and silver gray.[6]
  • Colors: Blue and Gray[7]
  • Flower: White Rose[7]
  • Publication: The College Mason [6]

Square and Compass Squares edit

Square and Compass referred to their chapters as squares and are designated with the name of the school where established. The Squares of Square and Compass through 1929 were:[6]

Recent history edit

The merger with Sigma Alpha Chi put the fraternity on more solid footing during the 1950s and into the 1960s. This led to the establishment of eight additional chapters. Sigma Mu Sigma marketed itself as a service fraternity from this point, allowing participation by men already active in another social fraternity.[8] However, anti-establishment attitudes on college campuses of the late 1960s began to put pressure on most college fraternities.

This was especially true for ΣΜΣ, which had long been linked with socially conservative ideals and the Freemasons. As Baird's explained, "The purpose of the fraternity is to foster the indoctrination of the college men of America with the traditions of their American heritage" [1] By the early 1970s, this message wasn't as marketable as hoped. At this juncture, many of its chapters began to close or move to other nationals. The Alpha chapter at Tri-State joined Acacia, the largest of the Masonic-influenced fraternities. The Lambda chapter at Elon College joined Kappa Sigma. Other chapters would close, and the Sigma chapter was removed from campus by the administration of Lynchburg College.

Coed evolution edit

Under the pressure of these changes, the fraternity took on a new direction. When reestablished in 1984 with the assistance of the Tau chapter at Virginia Tech, the Sigma chapter at Lynchburg College became coed.[9] Sigma Mu Sigma Fraternity remained focused on service, and it allowed both male students to be members as well as female students, known as sisters. The Sigma chapter remained the only chapter of ΣΜΣ until 1989 when they began working to start the Chi chapter at the College of William and Mary. Chi chapter was chartered in November 1990.[10] However, the campus administration formed the Sigma chapter to return to a single-sex, all-male fraternity in 1992.[9] By 2016, the Sigma chapter had gone dormant.[2]

Chapters edit

Following are the historic chapters of Sigma Mu Sigma.[1][4] The original fraternity roll of ΣΜΣ included chapters Alpha through Iota. It was re-established by Alpha (Second) which operated as a local under the ΣΜΣ name for twelve years, until the addition of several Sigma Alpha Chi chapters and a second period of moderate growth that lasted until the national was dissipated in the mid-1960s, leaving several surviving locals. A third iteration of the fraternity with a co-ed model was attempted by the surviving Sigma chapter, now dormant.[1]

Chapter Chartered/Range Institution Location Status Reference
Alpha (Prime)
See Alpha (Second) 		March 25, 1921 – 1936 Tri-State University Angola, Indiana Withdrew (ΑΛΤ) (Kappa Sigma) [3][a][b]
Beta 1924–1934 University of Oklahoma Norman, Oklahoma Disbanded [c]
Gamma 1925–<1935 National University Washington, D.C. Disbanded [c]
Delta 1925–1935 Milwaukee School of Engineering Milwaukee, Wisconsin Disbanded [c]
Epsilon June 1924–1934 George Washington University Washington, D.C. Merged [11][d]
Zeta 1925–1934 Purdue University West Lafayette, Indiana Merged (ΤΚΕ) [e]
Eta 1925–1935 University of Illinois Urbana, Illinois Merged (ΤΚΕ) [e]
Theta 1926–1934 Oklahoma State University Stillwater, Oklahoma Disbanded [c]
Iota February 22, 1926 – 1940 Michigan State Normal College Ypsilanti, Michigan Inactive [12][f]
Alpha (Second)
See Alpha (Prime) 		February 16, 1940 – 1966 Tri-State University Angola, Indiana Withdrew (Acacia) [3][a][b]
Kappa August 3, 1952 – 19xx ? Medical College of Virginia Richmond, Virginia Inactive [3][g][h]
Lambda August 3, 1952 – June 1, 1972 Elon College Elon, North Carolina Withdrew (ΚΣ) [2][3][13][g][i]
Mu August 3, 1952 – 19xx ? Chase College of Law Highland Heights, Kentucky Inactive [3][g][j]
Nu 1953–19xx ? Miami University Oxford, Ohio Inactive [g][k]
Xi 1953–19xx ? Joliet Junior College Joliet, Illinois Inactive
Omicron 1953–19xx ? University of Louisville Louisville, Kentucky Inactive
Pi 1955–19xx ? New York University New York City, New York Inactive
Rho 1955–19xx ? Virginia Tech Blacksburg, Virginia Inactive
Sigma February 6, 1962 – 197x ?; 1984–20xx ? University of Lynchburg Lynchburg, Virginia Inactive [9][l]
Tau 1965–19xx ? Brandywine Junior College (now part of Widener University) Chester, Pennsylvania Inactive [14][m]
Upsilon 1969–19xx ? Salem College Winston-Salem, North Carolina Inactive
Phi colony 1971–19xx ? Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond, Virginia Inactive [n]
Chi November 3, 1990 – 202x ? College of William & Mary Williamsburg, Virginia Inactive [10][o]

Notes edit

  1. ^ a b Alpha chapter was unable to merge with Tau Kappa Epsilon in 1935, likely due to lack of school accreditation, a requirement of the NIC for its full member fraternities. Alpha chapter then affiliated with Alpha Lambda Tau in 1936 but twelve years later would finally become a chapter of Tau Kappa Epsilon, albeit briefly, in 1947 as a result of a merger between Alpha Lambda Tau and Teke. But the same lack of school accreditation ended this affiliation; the chapter would progress through several short-term non-NIC affiliations, finally becoming a chapter of Kappa Sigma in 1966 shortly after the school became accredited. Meanwhile, an alumnus would revive Sigma Mu Sigma on the Tri-State (Trine) campus, even as the original chapter was moving through its various affiliations. This second iteration of Alpha would eventually affiliate with Acacia in 1967.
  2. ^ a b The original Trine University chapter of Sigma Mu Sigma may arguably be the most prolific, or resilient chapter of any fraternity. This local chapter birthed three successor chapters on the Trine campus and a surviving, small national fraternity. It opened Trine (at the time Tri-State) to fraternal organizing, weathered a lack of school accreditation, and negotiated waves of merger talks during its hundred-year history.
  3. ^ a b c d Ceased operations at about the time of the 1935 ΤΚΕ merger.
  4. ^ Merged with Tau Kappa Epsilon in 1935.
  5. ^ a b Merged with an existing Tau Kappa Epsilon chapter in 1935.
  6. ^ Lingered independently, but still recognized as a national fraternity by its campus, for four years after the ΤΚΕ merger in 1935. However, the chapter became inactive in 1940 with World War II.
  7. ^ a b c d Originally a chapter of ΣΑΧ (Square and Compass).
  8. ^ Baird's has Virginia Medical chapter named Mu and does not list a Kappa chapter. Mu is assumed to be an error.
  9. ^ Lambda chapter did not merge with Sigma Alpha Chi. Instead, it became the Lambda Lambda chapter of Kappa Sigma in 1973.
  10. ^ Baird's has the Chase chapter named Nu.
  11. ^ Baird's does not list a Miami University chapter.
  12. ^ Sigma chapter was kicked off campus in the later 1970s because of its increasingly social nature. With its 1984 re-establishment, ΣΜΣ became a co-ed service fraternity. However, the college the fraternity to return to a single-sex all-male fraternity in 1992.
  13. ^ Baird's lists this chapter at "Brandywine (DE)" but does not otherwise show that school. There is a unit of Penn State at Brandywine, formally called "Penn State-Delaware County". Widener is assumed to be correct.
  14. ^ The Pi colony was started and named but never chartered.
  15. ^ Established as a coed chapter after Sigma chapter's revival of the fraternity as a co-ed service fraternity.

References edit

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h Anson, Jack L.; Marchenasi, Robert F., eds. (1991) [1879]. Baird's Manual of American Fraternities (20th ed.). Indianapolis, IN: Baird's Manual Foundation, Inc. p. VIII-22. ISBN 978-0963715906.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g Gentil, Jace S. (September 2016). "The Greek Rite: A Survey of Undergraduate Fraternities Founded by the Masons" (PDF). The Scottish Right Journal (September/October): 9–10 – via Hampton Lodge 204.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Alpha Chapter | Sigma Mu Sigma". 2006. Archived from the original on 2006-11-08. Retrieved 2023-01-06.
  4. ^ a b c Anson, Jack L.; Marchenasi, Robert F., eds. (1991) [1879]. Baird's Manual of American Fraternities (20th ed.). Indianapolis, IN: Baird's Manual Foundation, Inc. p. VII-52. ISBN 978-0963715906.
  5. ^ "Paragraphic History of TKE". The Golden Book of Tau Kappa Epsilon: 1899-1949. Leland F. Leland, editor. Saint Paul, Minnesota: Tau Kappa Epsilon Fraternity, 1949. p. 25. via Issuu, accessed January 6, 2023.
  6. ^ a b c d Baird's Manual of American College Fraternities Twelfth Edition - 1930 p 226
  7. ^ a b Agromeck 1922 p277
  8. ^ Active recruitment toward additional chapters was pursued, one example of which was profiled on p.2 of The Breeze of Virginia's Madison College on 21 Oct, 1968. Accessed 1 Nov 2020. A James Madison chapter never materialized.
  9. ^ a b c "Sigma Chapter | Sigma Mu Sigma". 2006. Archived from the original on November 8, 2006. Retrieved 2023-01-06.
  10. ^ a b "Chi Chapter | Sigma Mu Sigma". 2006. Archived from the original on 2006-11-08. Retrieved 2023-01-06.
  11. ^ "Epsilon Chapter | Sigma Mu Sigma". 2006. Archived from the original on 2006-11-08. Retrieved 2023-01-06.
  12. ^ "Iota Chapter | Sigma Mu Sigma". 2006. Archived from the original on 2006-11-08. Retrieved 2023-01-06.
  13. ^ White, J. King (2019). "The Journey of the Lambda-Lambda Chapter of Kappa Sigma". Kappa Sigma Elon. Retrieved 2023-01-07.
  14. ^ "Tau Chapter | Sigma Mu Sigma". 2007. Archived from the original on March 22, 2012. Retrieved 2023-01-06.

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