Sobolev (masculine) and Soboleva (feminine) is a popular Russian surname, derived from the word "соболь" (sable). Notable people with the surname include:

• Arkady Sobolev, Russian diplomat
• Aleksandr Sobolev (born 1997), Russian footballer
• Aleksandr Sobolev (footballer, born 1995), Russian footballer
• Aleksei Sobolev (footballer) (1968–2001), Russian footballer
• Boris Sobolev, Canadian health services researcher
• Denis Sobolev (born 1993), Russian footballer
• Felix Sobolev (1931–1984), Ukrainian filmmaker
• Leonid Sobolev (1844–1913), Russian general
• Sergei Sobolev (politician) (b. 1961), Ukrainian politician
• Sergei Sobolev (1908–1989), Russian mathematician
• Viktor Sobolev — several people
• Vitaliy Sobolev (1930–1995), Soviet footballer
• Vladimir Sobolev (disambiguation), several people
• Vyacheslav Sobolev (born 1984), Kazakhstan footballer
• Yelena Soboleva (born 1982), Russian runner