Establishment edit

The Socialist Party of Canada was founded at the Socialist Party of British Columbia's fourth annual convention on December 30-31, 1904. Delegates at the convention were urged to consider organizing the nucleus of a federal party, noting the acceptance of the platform with socialist parties and organizations in other provinces. Socialist organizations quickly approved the party formation, and the new party executive met for the first time on February 19, 1905.^[2]

The party, which had a revolutionary Marxist orientation, called for the overturn of the capitalist system through militant political action. Given this goal, compromise through trade unionism and limited political reforms was rejected.^[3]

Party manifesto and membership edit

The party's manifesto, which went through five editions by 1920, was its most influential and widely read publication.^[4] The manifesto traced the history of class struggle and the exploitation of labour, concluding that:

Out of these conditions has arisen the Socialist Party of Canada, the nucleus of the revolt of the slaves of Canada against capitalism. Its policy is to educate the slaves of Canada to an understanding of their position and organize them for concerted political action, to the end that they may wrest the powers of State from the hands of capital, and use them to strip the master class of its property rights in the means of production and to make these the collective property of the producers.^[5]

The SPC platform similarly called for socialization of the means of production:

Therefore, we call upon all workers to organise under the banner of the Socialist Party of Canada with the object of conquering the public powers, for the purpose of setting up and enforcing the economic program of the working class as follows:

1. The transformation, as rapidly as possible, of capitalist property in the means of wealth production (natural resources, factories, mills, railroads, etc.) into the collective property of the working class.

2. The organisation and management of industry by the working class.

3. The establishment, as speedily as possible, of production for use instead of production for profit.^[6]

The SPC was structured as a network of local organizations, each conducting education and propaganda in their respective communities.^[7] Provincial-level executives coordinated these activities in British Columbia, Alberta, Ontario, Manitoba, and the Maritimes.^[8][7] The governing Dominion Executive Committee was headquartered in British Columbia and consisted almost entirely of BC residents.^[7]

Although a national convention was never held, E.T. Kingsley was regarded as the movement's leader until about 1912. The foremost exponent of Impossibilism, Kingsley called for a social revolution to redistribute wealth through political organization, education, and propaganda.^[9]

While the party's platform was Marxist, its membership was diverse. Besides Marxists, there were social democrats, militant trade unionists, and left-leaning federations of Ukrainians, Finns, Letts, and Jews.^[10] Ultimately, the varying factions did not coalesce and schisms occurred, including such breakaway formations as the Social Democratic Party of Canada and the Socialist Party of North America.^[11][12]

Nevertheless, the SPC was Canada's third largest political party until the outbreak of the First World War.^[13] It also enjoyed some success at the provincial electoral level, with SPC deputies sponsoring legislation that addressed worker concerns such as health and safety.^[14]  

Electoral participation edit

The SPC was strongest in British Columbia where it won seats in the province's legislature from 1903 to 1912.^[15] In the provincial election of 1907, the SPC garnered over 5,000 votes.^[16] The apex was the 1909 election, when it collected over 11,000 votes — about 22 percent of the total ballots cast in the seats contested.^[16] During this period, the leadership of the Vancouver Trades and Labor Council^[17] consisted of committed SPC members who also played a role in stymying efforts to establish a rival labour party.^[16] However, disappointing federal election results in 1911 and the resignation of the provincial house leader, J. H. Hawthornthwaite, over his involvement in land speculation, precipitated a decline. The two SPC deputies elected in the 1912 election defected to the Liberals in 1914.^[18]

In 1909, SPC member Charlie O'Brien was elected to the Alberta legislature.^[19]

In Manitoba, the Manitoba branch of the SPC was initially a rival to Winnipeg's reform labour groups. It may also have been responsible for the defeat of centrist labour candidate Fred Dixon in the election of 1910. The resulting backlash from trade unions weakened the SPC for a number of years.^[20] In 1920, George Armstrong was elected to the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba on a United Labour list. However, he was defeated in 1922 due in part to opposition from communist politicians in the city.

World War I and its aftermath edit

The SPC paid a heavy price for its opposition to Canadian entry into the world war including harassment and intimidation from government authorities.^[21] Individual members were also targeted, including Ginger Goodwin, who died at the hands of police in 1918 while evading conscription.

In the fall of 1918 Western Clarion was banned by the federal government.^[22] On January 11, 1919, a new publication called The Red Flag was launched by the SPC to work around the proscription of its predecessor.^[22] The first issue noted the state's interference with the postal service and its censorship of party correspondence:

The official organ has been suppressed... Leaflets mailed have been confiscated and complaints ignored. Almost every letter which arrives at this office bears unmistakable signs of having been opened, though no censorship mark to that effect is on them. All such letters are unduly delayed, being some four, five and six weeks in the mails before delivery....

Moreover, letters and parcels which we have dispatched have failed to reach their destination. The mail of individual party members also suffers from the same despicable secret censorship. Our protests and complaints to heads of departments result only in officially equivocal and evasive replies.^[23]

The ban was lifted in 1920.

In the wake of the Russian Revolution and the Winnipeg General Strike, a number of the SPC's supporters became attracted to Bolshevism and the ideas of Lenin and Trotsky. Others gravitated toward an evolutionary or gradualist socialist position.

SPC members, notably George Armstrong and William Pritchard, were among the strike leaders put on trial following the Winnipeg confrontation.^[24]

In 1919, SPC members, including Pritchard, were instrumental in founding One Big Union in Canada.^[25]

In 1920, a split occurred when many of the party's members left to join the Federated Labour Party, which had been formed by the British Columbia Federation of Labour.^[26] Others joined the labour and independent labour parties that were being formed across the country.^[27]

In 1921, most of the Marxist SPC members left to join the Workers Party, which was the public face of the nascent Communist Party of Canada.^[28]

In 1925, the Socialist Party of Canada formally disbanded.^[29] Many of the remaining members joined the Independent Labour Party.

General elections edit

• Socialism, Revolution and Internationalism. Gabriel Deville. 1893/1907.^[30] Also published in the SPC's Red Flag series, no. 1.^[31]
• Manifesto of the Socialist Party of Canada. 1st edition, 1910.^[32] 4th edition, 1916.^[33] 5th edition, 1920.^[34]
• Constitution and Bylaws of the Socialist Party of Canada. 1910.^[35]
• The Proletarian in Politics. C.M. O'Brien. 1910.^[36]
• The Struggle for Existence. Gerald Desmond. 1911.^[37]
• Socialism and Unionism. Donald G. McKenzie. 1911.^[38]
• What is Socialism? W. E. Hardenburg. 1912.^[39]
• The Way to Power. J. B. Osborne. 1913.^[40]
• Wage Worker and Farmer. J. Pilkington. 1914.^[41]
• The Slave of the Farm. Alf Budden. 1914/1918.^[42]
• Economic Causes of War. Peter T. Leckie, reprinted from The Western Clarion, March-November, 1920.^[43]

• Angus, Ian. 2006. "A Party of A New Type: The Socialist Party of Canada and the Birth of Canadian Communism." Marxism: A Socialist Annual 4: 66-74.
• Campbell, Peter. 1992. "'Making Socialists': Bill Pritchard, the Socialist Party of Canada, and the Third International." Labour/Le Travail 30: 45-63.
• Campbell, Peter. 2000. Canadian Marxists and the Search for a Third Way. McGill-Queen's University Press.
• Campbell, Peter. 2021. "Let Us Rise: Dialectical Thinking, the Commodification of Labour Power, and the Legacy of the Socialist Party of Canada." Labour/Le Travail 87: 93-120.
• Frank, David, and Nolan Reilly. 1979. "The Emergence of the Socialist Movement in the Maritimes, 1899-1916." Labour/Le Travail 4: 85-92, 94-113.
• Friesen, Gerald. 1976. "'Yours in Revolt': The Socialist Party of Canada and the Western Canadian Labour Movement." Labour/Le Travail 1: 139-57.
• Kawecki, Adam T. 1980. Canadian Socialism and the Origin of the Communist Party of Canada, 1900-1922. MA thesis. McMaster University.
• Malhotra, Ravi, and Benjamin Islett. 2021. Able to Lead: Disablement, Radicalism, and the Political Life of E.T. Kingsley. UBC Press.
• Martynowich, Orest T. 1977. "The Ukrainian Socialist Movement in Canada." Journal of Ukrainian Studies 1: no. 1, 27-44 (Part 1); 2: no. 1, 22-31 (Part 2).
• McCormack, A. Ross. 1977. Reformers, Rebels and Revolutionaries: The Western Canadian Radical Movement 1899-1919. University of Toronto Press.
• McKay, Ian. 2008. Reasoning Otherwise: Leftists and the People's Enlightenment in Canada,1890-1920. Between the Lines.
• Milne, J.M. (Jim). 1973. "History of the Socialist Party of Canada.". Socialist History Project. 39 pages.
• Newell, Peter E. 2008. The Impossibilists: A Brief Profile of the Socialist Party of Canada. Athena Press.
• Robin, Martin. 1968. Radical Politics and Canadian Labour. Queen's University, Industrial Relations Centre.
• Troop, George R. 1922. Socialism in Canada. MA thesis. McGill University.

• List of Canadian socialist parties
• The Impossibilists — A short history with selections from the press of the Socialist Party of Canada and the One Big Union, 1906–1938
• Western Clarion (OCLC 773666167)
• The Red Flag (OCLC 874024291)