Summary
The Sojomerto inscription is an inscription discovered in Sojomerto village, Reban, Batang Regency, Central Java, Indonesia. Written in Old Malay using the Kawi script, it was initially dated to c. the 7th century,[1] but later redated, on palaeographic grounds, to the early 9th century.[2] The inscription is currently in situ or on location.[3]
The inscription is Shivaist in nature,[1] talking about the head of a noble family named Dapunta Selendra, the son of Santanu and Bhadrawati, the husband of Sampula. Boechari speculates that Dapunta Selendra was the progenitor of the Sailendras, an influential family who would later rule Mataram and Srivijaya. Recent investigation concluded that the name Selendra mentioned in this inscription likely has no relation with Sailendra.[4]
The inscription was carved on an andesite stone 43 cm wide, 7 cm thick, and 78 cm tall.[5] The text consists of 11 lines, most of them being unclear and eroded.
Content edit
Transliteration[1] edit
| Line | Transliteration |
|---|---|
| 1 | ...ryayoṃ śrī sata... |
| 2 | ...ā koṭī |
| 3 | ... auṃ namaḥ śivāya |
| 4 | bhaṭāra parameśva- |
| 5 | ra sarvva deva kna samvaḥ hiyaṃ |
| 6 | ... miḥ inan dhiṣnaṇḍa ḍapu- |
| 7 | nta śailēndra nāmaḥ santanū |
| 8 | nāmaṇḍa bāpaṇḍa bhadravatī |
| 9 | namāṇda ayaṇḍa sampūla |
| 10 | nāmaṇḍa viniṇḍa śailēndra nāmaḥ |
| 11 | mamāgappāsar lempevāngiḥ[6] |
Common Malay translation edit
... beribu-ribu ... Auṃ namaḥ Śivāya, Betara Parameswara dan serba Dewa aku sembah. Hiyaṃ ... miḥ adalah ... kepada Ḍapunta Śailēndra. Santanū namanya bapanya. Bhadravatī namanya ibunya. Sampūla namanya bininya tuan Śailēndra. ...
English translation edit
Praise to Lord Shiva Bhatara Parameshvara and all the gods ... from the honorable Dapunta Selendra Santanu is the name of his father, Bhadrawati is the name of his mother, Sampula is the name of the wife of noble Selendra.
Interpretation edit
This inscription concluded that the family of Dapunta Selendra is settled on the north coast of Central Java, speaks Old Malay , and they are Shivaist Hindus.
The discovery of this inscription has led to the development of theories proposing a Sumatran origin of the Sailendras, also with the possibility of their initial establishment at the north coast of Central Java before moving inland to Kedu Plain. Just like the Sojomerto inscription, some of Sailendra's inscriptions of the later period—although discovered in Central Java—are also written in Old Malay instead of Old Javanese, which suggested Sumatran connections. The name 'Selendra' mentioned in this inscription as "Dapunta Selendra" is suggested as the ancestor of the Sailendras. The title 'Dapunta' is similar to those of Srivijayan King Dapunta Hyang Sri Jayanasa, which suggests the Srivijayan connection to Sailendra family. The family was first settled in Central Java's northern coast around Batang and Pekalongan regency, they were initially Hindu Shivaist. At a certain point in time, they moved southward and established themselves in the Kedu Plain and later probably converted to Mahayana Buddhism.
Another interpretation suggests that the family was probably a native Javanese family, but had Srivijayan connection. This ruling family was probably a local ruler but somehow subjugated by Srivijayan through invasion and served as Srivijayan's vassal. The early Sailendras have probably belonged within Srivijaya's mandala sphere of influence. Previously known through Kota Kapur inscription (686 CE) Srivijaya launched a series of military campaigns against Bhumi Java, which also corresponds to the fall of theTarumanagara kingdom in West Java.
Investigation by Zakharov (2012) concluded that the "Selendra" mentioned in the inscription likely has nothing to do with the Sailendra dynasty: The inscription mentions the words hakairu and daiva which have the diphthong ai, so that diphthong should also be used in the name Dapunta Selendra. In addition, this theory is obsolete because there is no data on the existence of the Shailendra dynasty in Sumatra earlier than the ninth century and Srivijaya was unable to conquer Java. According to Damais, the Sojomerto inscription dates from the 8th century, placing it after the Kedukan Bukit inscription (683 AD). What happened was the opposite — the Shailendra dynasty subdued Srivijaya and its area on the Malay peninsula.[4]: 22–27
See also edit
- Canggal inscription (732)
- Kalasan inscription (778)
- Kelurak inscription (782)
- Manjusrigrha inscription (792)
- Karangtengah inscription (824)
- Tri Tepusan inscription (842)
References edit
- ^ a b c Boechari, M. (1966). "Preliminary report on the discovery of an Old Malay inscription at Sojomerto". MISI. III: 241–251.
- ^ Degroot, Véronique M. Y. (2009). Candi, Space and Landscape. A study on the distribution, orientation and spatial organization of Central Javanese temple remains. Leiden, Netherlands: Sidestone Press. p. 84. ISBN 978-90-8890-039-6. Retrieved 7 November 2014.
- ^ "Sojomerto inscription". Google Map. Retrieved 2020-08-20.
- ^ a b Zakharov, Anton O. (August 2012). "The Śailendras Reconsidered" (PDF). nsc.iseas.edu.sg. Singapore: The Nalanda-Srivijaya Centre Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 1, 2013. Retrieved 2013-10-30.
- ^ Situs Kabupaten Batang, diakses 7 Juni 2007 Archived 2008-03-27 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Word spacing and meaning not clear.