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Soyuz-2

Summary

Soyuz‑2 (Russian: Союз‑2, lit. 'Union‑2'; GRAU index: 14A14) is a Russian expendable medium-lift launch vehicle and the seventh major iteration of the Soyuz rocket family. Compared to its predecessors, Soyuz-2 features significant upgrades, including improved engines and a digital flight control system that enables launches from fixed platforms and supports larger payload fairings.

Soyuz‑2 (2.1a / 2.1b)
A Soyuz‑2.1b rocket launches carrying a GLONASS-K2 satellite to orbit
FunctionMedium-lift launch vehicle
ManufacturerRKTs Progress
Country of originRussia
Cost per launchUS$35 million (2018, 2.1b without fourth stage)[1][2]
Size
Height46.3 m (152 ft)[3]
Diameter10.3 m (33 ft 10 in)
Mass312,000 kg (688,000 lb)
Stages3 or 4
Capacity
Payload to LEO
Altitude240 km (150 mi)
Orbital inclination
  • 51.6° from Baikonur and Vostochny
  • 72° from Plesetsk
Mass
  • From Baikonur:
  • A: 7,430 kg (16,380 lb)
  • B: 8,670 kg (19,110 lb)
  • From Plesetsk:
  • A: 6,800 kg (15,000 lb)
  • B: 7,730 kg (17,040 lb)
  • From Vostochny:
  • A: 7,460 kg (16,450 lb)
  • B: 8,600 kg (19,000 lb)
Payload to Polar orbit
Altitude240 km (150 mi)
Orbital inclination98°
Mass
  • From Baikonur:
  • A: 5,830 kg (12,850 lb)
  • B: 7,030 kg (15,500 lb)
  • From Plesetsk:
  • A: 6,130 kg (13,510 lb)
  • B: 7,270 kg (16,030 lb)
  • From Vostochny:
  • A: 6,070 kg (13,380 lb)
  • B: 7,260 kg (16,010 lb)
Payload to TLI[a]
MassB: 2,350 kg (5,180 lb)[2]
Associated rockets
FamilyR-7 (Soyuz)
Based onSoyuz-FG
Derivative workSoyuz-ST
Soyuz-2.1v
Launch history
StatusActive
Launch sites
Total launches150 (A: 74, B: 76)
Success(es)145 (A: 71, B: 74)
Failure(s)4 (A: 2, B: 2)
Partial failure(s)1 (A: 1, B: 0)
First flight
  • A: 8 November 2004
  • B: 27 December 2006
Last flight
  • A: Active
  • B: Active
Carries passengers or cargo
Boosters (First stage) – Block B, V, G & D[b]
No. boosters4
Height19.6 m (64 ft 4 in)
Diameter2.68 m (8 ft 10 in)
Empty mass3,784 kg (8,342 lb)
Gross mass44,413 kg (97,914 lb)
Propellant mass
  • LOX: 27,900 kg (61,500 lb)
  • RP-1: 11,260 kg (24,820 lb)
Powered by1 × RD-107A
Maximum thrustSL: 838.5 kN (188,500 lbf)
vac: 1,021.3 kN (229,600 lbf)
Specific impulseSL: 262 s (2.57 km/s)
vac: 319 s (3.13 km/s)[4]
Burn time118 seconds
PropellantLOX / RP-1
Second stage (core) – Block A
Height27.1 m (88 ft 11 in)
Diameter2.95 m (9 ft 8 in)
Empty mass6,545 kg (14,429 lb)
Gross mass99,765 kg (219,944 lb)
Propellant mass
  • LOX: 63,800 kg (140,700 lb)
  • RP-1: 26,300 kg (58,000 lb)
Powered by1 × RD-108A
Maximum thrustSL: 792.5 kN (178,200 lbf)
vac: 990.2 kN (222,600 lbf)
Specific impulseSL: 255 s (2.50 km/s)
vac: 319 s (3.13 km/s)[4]
Burn time286 seconds
PropellantLOX / RP-1
Third stage – Block I
Height6.7 m (22 ft 0 in)
Diameter2.66 m (8 ft 9 in)
Empty mass2,355 kg (5,192 lb)
Gross mass27,755 kg (61,189 lb)
Propellant mass
  • LOX: 17,800 kg (39,200 lb)
  • RP-1: 7,600 kg (16,800 lb)
Powered byA: 1 × RD-0110
B: 1 × RD-0124
Maximum thrustA: 298.03 kN (67,000 lbf)
B: 294.3 kN (66,200 lbf)[5]
Specific impulseA: 325 s (3.19 km/s)
B: 359 s (3.52 km/s)[6]
Burn timeA: 250 seconds
B: 270 seconds
PropellantLOX / RP-1
Fourth stage (optional) – Fregat / Fregat-M[7]
HeightFregat: 1.875 m (6 ft 1.8 in)
Fregat-M: 1.945 m (6 ft 4.6 in)
DiameterFregat: 3.44 m (11 ft 3 in)
Fregat-M: 3.8 m (12 ft 6 in)
Empty massFregat: 945 kg (2,083 lb)
Fregat-M: 1,035 kg (2,282 lb)
Gross massFregat: 6,235 kg (13,746 lb)
Fregat-M: 7,640 kg (16,840 lb)
Propellant massFregat: 5,307 kg (11,700 lb)
Fregat-M: 6,650 kg (14,660 lb)
Powered by1 × S5.92
Maximum thrust13.93–19.85 kN (3,130–4,460 lbf)
Specific impulse320–333.2 s (3.14–3.27 km/s)
Burn timeUp to 1,100 seconds (up to 7 starts)
PropellantN2O4 / UDMH
Fourth stage (optional) – Volga[8]
Height1.025 m (3 ft 4.4 in)
Diameter3.2 m (10 ft 6 in)
Empty mass840 kg (1,850 lb)
Propellant mass300–900 kg (660–1,980 lb)
Powered by1 × 17D64[9]
Maximum thrust2.94 kN (660 lbf)
Specific impulse307 s (3.01 km/s)
PropellantN2O4 / UDMH
[edit on Wikidata]

Developed by the Progress Rocket Space Centre (RKTs Progress) in Samara, Soyuz-2 is used to place payloads into low Earth orbit in standard configuration but can also support missions to higher orbits using an additional upper stage, most commonly the Fregat, though the smaller Volga is available as a less expensive option. Since its introduction in 2004, Soyuz-2 has gradually replaced earlier Soyuz variants and is launched from the facilities of its R-7 derived predecessors: Site 31/6 at the Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan and Sites 43/3 and 43/4 at the Plesetsk Cosmodrome in northwestern Russia, and, since 2016, Site 1S at the Vostochny Cosmodrome in eastern Russia.

The Soyuz‑2 family includes several variants. The base model, Soyuz‑2.1a, debuted on 8 November 2004, followed by the Soyuz‑2.1b, with a 15 percent more powerful third stage, on 27 December 2006. A derivative version, Soyuz‑ST, was introduced in 2011 with modifications for operation at the Guiana Space Centre, the European Space Agency's launch site in French Guiana. Launches from this site were suspended in 2022 following the Russian invasion of Ukraine.

History

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The Soyuz-2 project was launched by RKTs Progress with support from the Russian government in the early 1990s as the "Rus" program. In the aftermath of the collapse of the Soviet Union, the program aimed to consolidate the launch vehicle's subcontractor network within the Russian Federation and transition to fully domestic production. The project evolved into Soyuz-2, introducing technical upgrades to replace the aging Soyuz-U (in service since 1973) and Molniya-M (in service since 1965). These earlier models relied on an analog guidance, navigation, and control systems developed in the 1960s by a Ukrainian firm, the Polisvit Special Design Bureau.[10] The modernization effort also included engine upgrades, allowing for improved performance through newer, more powerful designs.[11]

The Soyuz-2 upgrades included a fully digital flight control system, modernized RD-107A and RD-108A engines with an improved injection system for the boosters and core stage, and a new RD-0124 third-stage engine engine using oxygen-rich staged combustion. These enhancements aimed to increase payload capacity by approximately 1,200 kilograms (2,600 lb).[11]

Development of the digital control system began in 1993 at NPO Avtomatiki in Yekaterinburg.The new system featured three redundant processing units and dual gyroscopes, significantly improving reliability. According to NPO Avtomatiki's deputy director, participation in the Soyuz-2 program helped save the company.[11]

However, progress slowed during the financial crisis facing the Russian space industry in the late 1990s and early 2000s. As a result, the upgrade plan was divided into phases. The RD-107A and RD-108A engines were introduced early as part of the Soyuz-FG, a transitional design based on the Soyuz-U. The majority of design changes were incorporated into the Soyuz-2.1a, while development of the RD-0124 was delayed and eventually implemented on the Soyuz-2.1b.[11]

Soyuz-2.1a conducted its first suborbital test from the Plesetsk Cosmodrome on 8 November 2004. It made its first operational flight in October 2006, successfully launching the MetOp-A satellite for ESA and EUMETSAT. The Soyuz-2.1b, equipped with the new third-stage, debuted on 27 December 2006. Over time, the Soyuz-2 family replaced its predecessors: Molniya-M in 2010,[12] Soyuz-U in 2017, and Soyuz-FG in 2019.[13][14]

Variants

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Soyuz 2.1a

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The key advancement of the Soyuz‑2.1a is its digital flight control system, replacing the analog unit used in previous Soyuz models.[2] The digital system supports enabled mid-flight trajectory adjustments, eliminating the need for rotating launch pads. The system also allows the use of larger payload fairings, enabling the launch of heavier commercial satellites that the analog system could not handle due to the aerodynamic instability the fairings generate.[15]

The rocket uses upgraded RD-107A (boosters) and RD-108A (core) engines, developed for Soyuz-2 but first flown on Soyuz-FG, as their development outpaced the rocket's other upgrades.[16] These engines feature over 1,000 single-component injectors, replacing the older 260 dual-component centrifugal injectors in the earlier RD-107/RD-108, resulting in more efficient combustion and approximately a 5-second (0.049 km/s) increase in specific impulse, a five percent improvement. Additionally, a chemical ignition system replaced the previous method that relied on placing wooden sticks with a pair of pyrotechnic charges in each combustion chamber.[2][17][18]

The third stage retained the RD-0110 engine, which has flown on most Soyuz variants dating back to the 1960s, but adopted a revised tank structure, shared with Soyuz-2.1b, with slightly enlarged propellant tanks. When combined with the physically lighter and more capable digital flight control system, these changes raised the payload capacity by about 300 kilograms (660 lb).[3][19][2]

The Soyuz‑2.1a conducted its maiden flight on 8 November 2004, launching from Plesetsk Cosmodrome Site 43 with a boilerplate payload simulating a Zenit-8 spy satellite.[2]

Soyuz 2.1b

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The Soyuz 2.1b retains all upgrades of the 2.1a and introduces a new third stage powered by the RD-0124 engine. Utilizing oxygen-rich staged combustion, the engine increases specific impulse from 326 to 359 seconds (3.20 to 3.52 km/s). Although maximum thrust was slightly reduced from 298 to 294 kilonewtons (67,000 to 66,000 lbf), the burn time was extended by 20 seconds using the same fuel load, resulting in improved overall performance.

This new third stage significantly improved payload capacity. For example, payload capacity to low Earth orbit from the Baikonur Cosmodrome increased from approximately 7,430 kilograms (16,380 lb) to 8,670 kilograms (19,110 lb), when compared to the 2.1a.[20][21]

The first launch of a Soyuz‑2.1b occurred from Plesetsk Cosmodrome Site 43 on 26 July 2008 with a classified military payload.[22]

  •  
    Closeup of booster and core stage engines of a Soyuz‑2.1a during launch
  •  
    Soyuz‑2.1a prepared for human spaceflight mission Soyuz MS-26
  •  
    Soyuz‑2.1b prepared for GLONASS-K2 satellite launch
  •  
    From left to right: Soyuz‑2.1v, Soyuz‑2.1b, Soyuz‑2.1a (crewed variant) and the proposed Soyuz‑5

Vostochny modifications

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The Soyuz-2 family received specific modifications for operation from the Vostochny Cosmodrome, aimed at improving reliability, compatibility with ground infrastructure, and safety:[23][24]

  • Enhanced Durability: The rocket was modified to remain fueled on the launch pad for up to 100 hours and withstand transport over distances of up to 10,000 kilometres (6,200 mi) from the manufacturing site in Samara to the Russian Far East.
  • Adaptation for Vertical Integration: Structural and piping modifications enable vertical payload integration and safely vent excess propellant outside the Mobile Service Tower, minimizing oxygen vapor buildup inside the gantry.
  • Upgraded Computer: Offers six times the performance, reduced weight, and simplified wiring through multiplexing and shared data buses.[25][26][27]
  • Improved Batteries: New nickel-cadmium batteries eliminate the need for a dedicated charging station.

On 1 October 2015, it was revealed that parts of the assembly complex at Vostochny had been incorrectly designed for a different rocket variant, with some structures too small to accommodate Soyuz-2. This issue cast doubt on the planned inaugural launch in December 2015.[28] The first launch successfully took place on 28 April 2016.[29]

Notable missions

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Suborbital test flight

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On 8 November 2004, at 18:30 UTC, the first Soyuz‑2 rocket, in the Soyuz‑2.1a configuration, was launched from the Plesetsk Cosmodrome in Russia. The rocket followed a suborbital trajectory, with the third stage and Boilerplate landing in the Pacific Ocean.

Maiden launch

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The first attempt at launching a Soyuz‑2 to orbit with the MetOp-A satellite occurred on 17 July 2006. It was scrubbed two hours before the launch by an automatic sequence after the onboard computer failed to check the launch azimuth. Fuelling of the rocket was underway at the time, and all launch complex equipment and onboard preliminary checks had proceeded without incident. The rocket was left fuelled on the launch pad for the next attempt on 18 July 2006. Launch was eventually conducted on 19 October 2006.

First crewed mission

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The first crewed launch of Soyuz‑2 took place on 9 April 2020, carrying Soyuz MS-16 to the ISS.

Naphthyl fuel

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Following successful ground testing, a naphthyl (Russian: нафтил) fueled Soyuz‑2.1b launch took place on 22 October 2022 at Vostochny. Naphthyl is an environmentally safe hydrocarbon fuel with fewer aromatic compounds than kerosene, which also slightly improves engine performance. There are only minor differences in thermal properties, viscosity, and surface tension, so this did not require significant engine changes.[30]

Launch statistics

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Since 2006, Soyuz‑2 rockets have accumulated a total of 149 launches, 144 of which were successful, yielding a 97% success rate.

Launch outcomes

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5
10
15
20
2006
2010
2015
2020
2025
  •   Failure
  •   Partial failure
  •   Success

Launch sites

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5
10
15
20
2006
2010
2015
2020
2025
  •   Baikonur
  •   Plesetsk
  •   Vostochny

List of launches

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Launch date
Time (UTC) 		Configuration Spaceport Result Payload Mission type Remarks
8 November 2004
18:30 		Soyuz‑2.1a Plesetsk, Site 43 Success Zenit-8 (boilerplate) Suborbital flight test
19 October 2006
16:28 		Soyuz‑2.1a / Fregat Baikonur, Site 31 Success MetOp-A Weather satellite
24 December 2006
08:34 		Soyuz‑2.1a / Fregat Plesetsk, Site 43 Success Meridian 1 Military communications satellite
27 December 2006
14:28 		Soyuz‑2.1b / Fregat Baikonur, Site 31 Success CoRoT Astronomy satellite
26 July 2008
18:31 		Soyuz‑2.1b Plesetsk, Site 43 Success [31] Kosmos 2441 (Persona No.1) Reconnaissance satellite Launch was successful, but the satellite failed after a few months of operations due to an electrical fault.
21 May 2009
21:53 		Soyuz‑2.1b / Fregat Plesetsk, Site 43 Failure [32] Meridian 2 Military communications satellite Bulging of third-stage combustion chamber led to fuel leak and automatic deactivation; satellite in unusable orbit after failed correction attempt.
17 September 2009
15:55 		Soyuz‑2.1b / Fregat Baikonur, Site 31 Success Meteor-M No.1
 Weather satellite
+ 6 piggyback satellites
19 October 2010
17:11 		Soyuz‑2.1a / Fregat-M Baikonur, Site 31 Success Globalstar-2 F1 (6 satellites) Communications satellite
2 November 2010
00:59 		Soyuz‑2.1a / Fregat-M Plesetsk, Site 43 Success Meridian 3 Military communications satellite
26 February 2011
03:07 		Soyuz‑2.1b / Fregat-M Plesetsk, Site 43 Success Kosmos 2471 (GLONASS-K 11L) Navigation satellite
4 May 2011
17:41 		Soyuz‑2.1a / Fregat-M Plesetsk, Site 43 Success Meridian 4 Military communications satellite
13 July 2011
02:27 		Soyuz‑2.1a / Fregat-M Baikonur, Site 31 Success Globalstar-2 F2 (6 satellites) Communications satellite
2 October 2011
20:15 		Soyuz‑2.1b / Fregat-M Plesetsk, Site 43 Success Kosmos 2474 (GLONASS-M 742) Navigation satellite
28 November 2011
08:25 		Soyuz‑2.1b / Fregat-M Plesetsk, Site 43 Success [33] Kosmos 2478 (GLONASS-M 746) Navigation satellite
23 December 2011
12:08 		Soyuz‑2.1b / Fregat-M Plesetsk, Site 43 Failure [34] Meridian 5 Military communications satellite Anomaly led to premature third-stage engine deactivation followed by an explosion which caused it to veer off course; satellite not deployed.
28 December 2011
17:09 		Soyuz‑2.1a / Fregat-M Baikonur, Site 31 Success [35] Globalstar-2 F3 (6 satellites) Communications satellite
17 September 2012
16:28 		Soyuz‑2.1a / Fregat Baikonur, Site 31 Success MetOp-B Weather satellite
14 November 2012
11:42 		Soyuz‑2.1a / Fregat-M Plesetsk, Site 43 Success Meridian 6 Military communications satellite
6 February 2013
16:04:24 		Soyuz‑2.1a / Fregat-M Baikonur, Site 31 Success Globalstar-2 F4 (6 satellites) Communications satellite
19 April 2013
10:00:00 		Soyuz‑2.1a Baikonur, Site 31 Success Bion-M No.1
 Biological science satellite
+ 5 piggyback satellites
26 April 2013
05:23:46 		Soyuz‑2.1b / Fregat-M Plesetsk, Site 43 Success [36] Kosmos 2485 (GLONASS-M 747) Navigation satellite
7 June 2013
18:37:59 		Soyuz‑2.1b Plesetsk, Site 43 Success [37] Kosmos 2486 (Persona No.2) Reconnaissance satellite
25 June 2013
17:28:48 		Soyuz‑2.1b Baikonur, Site 31 Success [38] Resurs-P No.1 Earth observation satellite
23 March 2014
22:54:03 		Soyuz‑2.1b / Fregat-M Plesetsk, Site 43 Success [39] Kosmos 2494 (GLONASS-M 754) Navigation satellite
6 May 2014
13:49:35 		Soyuz‑2.1a Plesetsk, Site 43 Success [40] Kosmos 2495 (Kobalt-M) Reconnaissance satellite
14 June 2014
17:16:48 		Soyuz‑2.1b / Fregat-M Plesetsk, Site 43 Success [41] Kosmos 2500 (GLONASS-M 755) Navigation satellite
8 July 2014
15:58:28 		Soyuz‑2.1b / Fregat-M Baikonur, Site 31 Success [42] Meteor-M No.2
  • AISSat-2
  • DX-1
  • Relek (MKA-FKI (PN2))
  • SkySat 2
  • TechDemoSat-1
  • UKube-1
 Weather satellite
+ 6 piggyback satellites
18 July 2014
20:50:00 		Soyuz‑2.1a Baikonur,
Site 31 		Success Foton-M No.4 Microgravity and biology research satellite
29 October 2014
07:09:43 		Soyuz‑2.1a Baikonur, Site 31 Success Progress M-25M ISS cargo spacecraft. This was the first time Soyuz 2.1a rocket was used for an ISS mission launch.
30 October 2014
01:42:52 		Soyuz‑2.1a / Fregat-M Plesetsk, Site 43 Success Meridian 7 Military communications satellite
30 November 2014
21:52:26 		Soyuz‑2.1b / Fregat-M Plesetsk, Site 43 Success Kosmos 2501 (GLONASS-K 12L) Navigation satellite
25 December 2014
03:01:13 		Soyuz‑2.1b Plesetsk, Site 43 Success Kosmos 2502 (Lotos-S1 No.1) ELINT
26 December 2014
18:55:50 		Soyuz‑2.1b Baikonur, Site 31 Success Resurs-P No.2 Earth observation satellite
27 February 2015
11:01:35 		Soyuz‑2.1a Plesetsk, Site 43 Success Kosmos 2503 (Bars-M 1L) Reconnaissance
28 April 2015
07:09:50 		Soyuz‑2.1a Baikonur, Site 31 Failure Progress M-27M ISS logistics Spacecraft lost communications and attitude control soon after separation after damaged by vibration issues during launch.[43] International Space Station docking attempt cancelled.[44] Mission declared a total loss.[45]
5 June 2015
15:23:54 		Soyuz‑2.1a Plesetsk, Site 43 Success Kosmos 2505 (Kobalt-M) Reconnaissance
23 June 2015
16:44:00 		Soyuz‑2.1b Plesetsk, Site 43 Success Kosmos 2506 (Persona No.3) Reconnaissance
17 November 2015
06:33:41 		Soyuz‑2.1b Plesetsk, Site 43 Success Kosmos 2510
(EKS) 		Missile early warning
21 December 2015
08:44:39 		Soyuz‑2.1a Baikonur, Site 31 Success Progress MS-01 ISS logistics
7 February 2016
00:21:07 		Soyuz‑2.1b / Fregat-M Plesetsk, Site 43 Success Kosmos 2514 (GLONASS-M 751) Navigation
13 March 2016
18:56:00 		Soyuz‑2.1b Baikonur, Site 31 Success Resurs-P No.3 Earth observation
24 March 2016
09:42 		Soyuz‑2.1a Plesetsk, Site 43 Success Kosmos 2515 (Bars-M 2L) Reconnaissance
31 March 2016
16:23:57 		Soyuz‑2.1a Baikonur, Site 31 Success Progress MS-02 ISS logistics
28 April 2016
02:01:21 		Soyuz‑2.1a / Volga Vostochny, Site 1S Success [29] Mikhailo Lomonosov [46]
  • Aist-2D [47]
  • SamSat 218
 Gamma-ray astronomy
Technology demonstrations
29 May 2016
08:44:37 		Soyuz‑2.1b / Fregat-M Plesetsk, Site 43 Success [48] Kosmos 2516 (GLONASS-M 760) Navigation Third stage shut down prematurely during the launch. Fregat upper stage detected the problem and compensated with an extended firing, delivering the satellite to the correct orbit.[49]
25 May 2017
06:33 		Soyuz‑2.1b / Fregat-M Plesetsk, Site 43 Success [50] EKS-2 Missile early warning
14 June 2017
09:20 		Soyuz‑2.1a Baikonur, Site 31 Success Progress MS-06 ISS logistics
14 July 2017
06:36:49 		Soyuz‑2.1a / Fregat-M Baikonur, Site 31 Partial failure Kanopus-V-IK
Many cubesats 		Earth observation
Heliophysics 		At least 9 of the 72 CubeSats were reported to have failed, possibly due to an issue with the Fregat upper stage.[51] Glavkosmos, the CubeSat launch provider, later confirmed an anomaly with the Fregat-M upper stage.[52]
22 September 2017
00:02:32 		Soyuz‑2.1b / Fregat-M Plesetsk, Site 43 Success Kosmos 2522 (GLONASS-M 752) Navigation
14 October 2017
08:46:53 		Soyuz‑2.1a Baikonur, Site 31 Success Progress MS-07 ISS logistics
28 November 2017
05:41:46 		Soyuz‑2.1b / Fregat-M Vostochny, Site 1S[53] Failure [54] Meteor-M No.2-1
Ionosfera
Baumanets
Several cubesats 		Weather
Ionospheric research 		The orbital insertion burn was conducted while the upper stage was oriented in the wrong direction, sending it back into the atmosphere. Roscosmos investigation found that 20 years earlier, Baikonur coordinates had mistakenly been hard coded in a Fregat subroutine, and the mistake only manifested itself for the first time due to launching from Vostochny. However, the Russian government and independent experts consider the conclusion a way of escaping individual blame.[55]
2 December 2017
10:43:26 		Soyuz‑2.1b Plesetsk, Site 43 Success [56] Kosmos 2524 (Lotos S1 No.2) ELINT
1 February 2018
02:07:18 [57] 		Soyuz‑2.1a / Fregat-M Vostochny, Site 1S[53] Success [58][59] Kanopus-V No.3, No.4
Lemur-2 74, 75, 76, 77
S-Net 1, 2, 3, 4
D-Star One v.1.1 [60] 		Earth observation
Technology demonstrations
13 February 2018
08:13:33 		Soyuz‑2.1a Baikonur, Site 31 Success [61] Progress MS-08 ISS logistics
16 June 2018
21:30 		Soyuz‑2.1b / Fregat-M Plesetsk, Site 43 Success Kosmos 2527 (GLONASS-M 756) Navigation
9 July 2018
21:51 		Soyuz‑2.1a Baikonur, Site 31 Success [62] Progress MS-09 ISS logistics
25 October 2018
00:15 		Soyuz‑2.1b Plesetsk, Site 43 Success [63] Kosmos 2528 (Lotos-S1 No.3) ELINT
3 November 2018
20:17 		Soyuz‑2.1b / Fregat-M Plesetsk, Site 43 Success [64] Kosmos 2529 (GLONASS-M 757) Navigation
27 December 2018
02:07 		Soyuz‑2.1a / Fregat-M Vostochny, Site 1S Success [65] Kanopus-V No.5 and Kanopus-V No.6
Dove Flock-w × 12 		Earth observation satellites.
21 February 2019
19:47 		Soyuz‑2.1b / Fregat-M Baikonur, Site 31 Success [66] EgyptSat A Earth observation
4 April 2019
11:01 		Soyuz‑2.1a Baikonur, Site 31 Success [67] Progress MS-11 ISS logistics
27 May 2019
09:23 		Soyuz‑2.1b / Fregat-M Plesetsk, Site 43 Success [68] GLONASS-M 758 Navigation. Lightning struck the rocket 14 seconds after launch without affecting its performance.[68]
5 July 2019
05:41 		Soyuz‑2.1b / Fregat-M Vostochny, Site 1S Success [69] Meteor-M No.2-2 Microsputnik Weather
30 July 2019
05:56 		Soyuz‑2.1a / Fregat-M Plesetsk, Site 43 Success [70] Meridian 8 Communications
31 July 2019
12:10 		Soyuz‑2.1a Baikonur, Site 31 Success [71] Progress MS-12 ISS logistics
22 August 2019
03:38 		Soyuz‑2.1a Baikonur, Site 31 Success [72] Soyuz MS-14 (uncrewed flight test) ISS crew transport
26 September 2019
07:46 		Soyuz‑2.1b / Fregat-M Plesetsk, Site 43 Success [73] Kosmos 2541 Military reconnaissance
6 December 2019
09:34 		Soyuz‑2.1a Baikonur, Site 31/6 Success Progress MS-13 / 74P ISS logistics
11 December 2019 Soyuz‑2.1b / Fregat-M Plesetsk, Site 43/4 Success GLONASS-M 759 Navigation
6 February 2020
21:42:41 		Soyuz‑2.1b / Fregat-M Baikonur, Site 31/6 Success OneWeb-2 (34 satellites)
(Baikonur flight 1)[74] 		Communications
20 February 2020
08:24:54 		Soyuz‑2.1a / Fregat-M Plesetsk, Site 43/3 Success Meridian M-9 (19L) Military comsat[75]
16 March 2020
18:28:00 		Soyuz‑2.1b / Fregat-M Plesetsk, Site 43/3 Success [54] GLONASS-M No.760
(Kosmos 2545) 		Navigation
21 March 2020
17:06:58 		Soyuz‑2.1b / Fregat-M Baikonur, Site 31/6 Success [54][76] OneWeb-3 (34 satellites)
(Baikonur flight 2) 		Communications
9 April 2020
08:05:06 		Soyuz‑2.1a Baikonur, Site 31/6 Success [54] Soyuz MS-16 ISS crew transport
25 April 2020
01:51:41 		Soyuz‑2.1a Baikonur, Site 31/6 Success [77] Progress MS-14 ISS logistics
22 May 2020
06:45[78] 		Soyuz‑2.1b / Fregat-M Plesetsk, Site 43 Success EKS-4 (Tundra 14L)[79] Early warning
23 July 2020
14:26:22 		Soyuz‑2.1a Baikonur, Site 31/6 Success Progress MS-15 ISS logistics
28 September 2020
11:20:00 		Soyuz‑2.1b / Fregat-M Plesetsk, Site 43/4 Success Gonets-M (17/18/19)
GEN-1 (Antilles and Amidala) (Canada), Lemur-2 (4) (United States), MeznSat (United Arab Emirates), SALSAT (Germany), NetSat-1 to 4 (Germany), ICEYE-X6 and X7 (Finland), LacunaSat-3 (Lithuania), Yarilo-1 and 2 (Russia), Norbi (Russia) and Dekart (Descartes) (Russia) [80] 		Communications
14 October 2020
05:45:04 [81] 		Soyuz‑2.1a Baikonur, Site 31/6 Success Soyuz MS-17 ISS crew transport
25 October 2020
19:08:42 [82] 		Soyuz‑2.1b / Fregat-M Plesetsk, Site 43/4 Success Kosmos 2547 (GLONASS-K 15L) Navigation
3 December 2020
01:14 [83] 		Soyuz‑2.1b / Fregat Plesetsk, Site 43/3 Success Gonets-M 20/21/22
ERA-1 (Kosmos-2548) (nanosatellite) 		Communication
Technology – Russian Ministry of Defense
18 December 2020
12:26:26 [84] 		Soyuz‑2.1b / Fregat Vostochny, Site 1S Success OneWeb-4 (36 satellites)
(Vostochny flight 1) 		Communications
2 February 2021
20:45:28 [85] 		Soyuz‑2.1b Plesetsk, Site 43/4 Success Kosmos 2549 (Lotos-S1 No.4) ELINT
15 February 2021
04:45:05 [86] 		Soyuz‑2.1a Baikonur, Site 31/6 Success Progress MS-16 ISS logistics
28 February 2021
06:55:01 [87] 		Soyuz‑2.1b / Fregat-M Baikonur, Site 31/6 Success Arktika-M No.1 Weather satellite
22 March 2021
06:07:12 [88] 		Soyuz‑2.1a / Fregat-M Baikonur, Site 31/6 Success CAS500-1
A cluster of secondary commercial payloads (+37 satellites). 		Earth observation
25 March 2021
02:47:33[89] 		Soyuz‑2.1b / Fregat Vostochny, Site 1S Success OneWeb-5 (36 satellites)
(Vostochny flight 2) 		Communications
9 April 2021
07:42:40[90] 		Soyuz‑2.1a Baikonur, Site 31/6 Success Soyuz MS-18 ISS crew transport
25 April 2021
22:14:08[91] 		Soyuz‑2.1b / Fregat Vostochny, Site 1S Success OneWeb-6 (36 satellites)
(Vostochny flight 3) 		Communications
28 May 2021
17:38:39[92] 		Soyuz‑2.1b / Fregat Vostochny, Site 1S Success OneWeb-7 (36 satellites)
(Vostochny flight 4) 		Communications
25 June 2021
19:50:00[93] 		Soyuz‑2.1b Plesetsk, Site 43/4 Success Kosmos 2550 (Pion-NKS No.1) SIGINT
29 June 2021
23:27:20[94] 		Soyuz‑2.1a Baikonur, Site 31/6 Success Progress MS-17 ISS logistics
1 July 2021
12:48:33[95] 		Soyuz‑2.1b / Fregat Vostochny, Site 1S Success OneWeb-8 (36 satellites)
(Vostochny flight 5) 		Communications
21 August 2021
22:13:40[96] 		Soyuz‑2.1b / Fregat Baikonur, Site 31/6 Success OneWeb-9 (34 satellites)
(Baikonur flight 3) 		Communications
14 September 2021
18:07:19[97] 		Soyuz‑2.1b / Fregat Baikonur, Site 31/6 Success OneWeb-10 (34 satellites)
(Baikonur flight 4) 		Communications
5 October 2021
08:55:02[98] 		Soyuz‑2.1a Baikonur, Site 31/6 Success Soyuz MS-19 ISS crew transport
14 October 2021
09:40:10[99] 		Soyuz‑2.1b / Fregat Vostochny, Site 1S Success OneWeb (36 satellites)
(Vostochny flight 6) 		Communications
28 October 2021
00:00:32[100] 		Soyuz‑2.1a Baikonur, Site 31/6 Success Progress MS-18 ISS logistics
24 November 2021
13:06:35[101] 		Soyuz‑2.1b Baikonur, Site 31/6 Success Prichal ISS assembly
25 November 2021
01:09:13[102] 		Soyuz‑2.1b / Fregat Plesetsk, Site 43/4 Success Kosmos 2552 (EKS-5, Tundra 15L) Early warning
8 December 2021
07:38:15[103] 		Soyuz‑2.1a Baikonur, Site 31/6 Success Soyuz MS-20 ISS crew transport and space tourism
27 December 2021
13:10:37[104] 		Soyuz‑2.1b / Fregat Baikonur, Site 31/6 Success OneWeb (36 satellites)
(Baikonur flight 5) 		Communications
5 February 2022
07:00:00[105] 		Soyuz‑2.1a / Fregat Plesetsk, Site 43/4 Success Kosmos 2553 Military
15 February 2022
04:25:39[106] 		Soyuz‑2.1a Baikonur, Site 31/6 Success Progress MS-19 ISS logistics
18 March 2022
15:55:18[107] 		Soyuz‑2.1a Baikonur, Site 31/6 Success Soyuz MS-21 ISS crew transport
22 March 2022
12:48:22[108] 		Soyuz‑2.1a / Fregat Plesetsk, Site 43/4 Success Meridian-M 10 (20L) Military communications
7 April 2022
11:20:18[109] 		Soyuz‑2.1b Plesetsk, Site 43/3 Success Kosmos 2554 (Lotos-S1 No.5) ELINT
19 May 2022
08:03:32[110] 		Soyuz‑2.1a Plesetsk, Site 43/4 Success Kosmos 2556 (Bars-M 3L) Reconnaissance
3 June 2022
09:32:16[111] 		Soyuz‑2.1a Baikonur, Site 31/6 Success Progress MS-20 ISS logistics
7 July 2022
09:18:06[112] 		Soyuz‑2.1b / Fregat-M Plesetsk, Site 43/4 Success Kosmos 2557 (GLONASS-K 16L) Navigation
9 August 2022
05:52:38[113] 		Soyuz‑2.1b / Fregat-M Baikonur, Site 31/6 Success Khayyam
16 rideshare cubesats 		Earth observation
21 September 2022
13:54:49[114] 		Soyuz‑2.1a Baikonur, Site 31/6 Success Soyuz MS-22 ISS crew transport
10 October 2022
02:52:32[115] 		Soyuz‑2.1b / Fregat-M Plesetsk, Site 43/3 Success Kosmos 2559 (GLONASS-K 17L) Navigation
22 October 2022
19:57:09[116] 		Soyuz‑2.1b / Fregat-M Vostochny, Site 1S Success Gonets-M 23/24/25 (33L/34L/35L), Skif-D Communications
26 October 2022
00:20:09[117] 		Soyuz‑2.1a Baikonur Site 31/6 Success Progress MS-21 ISS logistics
2 November 2022
06:47:48[118] 		Soyuz‑2.1b / Fregat-M Plesetsk, Site 43/4 Success Kosmos 2563 (EKS-6, Tundra 16L) Early warning
28 November 2022
15:13:50[119] 		Soyuz‑2.1b / Fregat-M Plesetsk, Site 43/3 Success Kosmos 2564 (GLONASS-M 761) Navigation
30 November 2022
21:10:25[120] 		Soyuz‑2.1b Plesetsk, Site 43/4 Success Kosmos 2565 (Lotos-S1 No.6)
Kosmos 2566 		ELINT
9 February 2023
06:15:36[121] 		Soyuz‑2.1a Baikonur, Site 31/6 Success Progress MS-22 ISS logistics
24 February 2023
00:24:29[122] 		Soyuz‑2.1a Baikonur, Site 31/6 Success Soyuz MS-23 ISS crew transport
23 March 2023
06:40:11[123] 		Soyuz‑2.1a Plesetsk, Site 43/3 Success Kosmos 2567 (Bars-M 4L) Reconnaissance
24 May 2023 12:56:07[124] Soyuz‑2.1a Baikonur, Site 31/6 Success Progress MS-23 ISS logistics
26 May 2023 21:14:51[125] Soyuz‑2.1a / Fregat-M Vostochny, Site 1S Success Kondor-FKA No.1 Reconnaissance
27 June 2023 11:34:49[126] Soyuz‑2.1b / Fregat-M Vostochny, Site 1S Success Meteor-M No.2-3
42 rideshare satellites 		Weather
Various uses
7 August 2023 13:19:25[127] Soyuz‑2.1b / Fregat-M Plesetsk, Site 43/3 Success Kosmos 2569 (GLONASS-K2 13L) Navigation
10 August 2023 23:10:57[128] Soyuz‑2.1b / Fregat-M Vostochny, Site 1S Success Luna 25 (Luna-Glob lander) Lunar exploration
23 August 2023 01:08:10[129] Soyuz‑2.1a Baikonur, Site 31/6 Success Progress MS-24 ISS logistics
15 September 2023 15:44:35[130] Soyuz‑2.1a Baikonur, Site 31/6 Success Soyuz MS-24 ISS crew transport
27 October 2023 06:04:43[131] Soyuz‑2.1b Plesetsk, Site 43/3 Success Kosmos 2570 (Lotos-S1 No.7)
Kosmos 2571 		ELINT
25 November 2023 20:58:06[132] Soyuz‑2.1b Plesetsk, Site 43/4 Success Kosmos 2572 (Razdan 1) Reconnaissance
1 December 2023 09:25:11[133] Soyuz‑2.1a Baikonur, Site 31/6 Success Progress MS-25 ISS logistics
16 December 2023 09:17:48[134] Soyuz‑2.1b / Fregat-M Baikonur, Site 31/6 Success Arktika-M No.2 Meteorology
21 December 2023 08:48:39[135] Soyuz‑2.1b Plesetsk, Site 43/4 Success Kosmos 2573 (Bars-M 5L) Reconnaissance
15 February 2024 03:25:05[136] Soyuz‑2.1a Baikonur, Site 31/6 Success Progress MS-26 ISS logistics
29 February 2024 05:43:26[137] Soyuz‑2.1b / Fregat-M Vostochny, Site 1S Success Meteor-M No.2-4
18 rideshare satellites 		Weather
Various uses
23 March 2024 12:36:10[138] Soyuz‑2.1a Baikonur, Site 31/6 Success Soyuz MS-25 ISS crew transport
31 March 2024 09:36:45[139] Soyuz‑2.1b Baikonur, Site 31/6 Success Resurs-P No.4 Earth observation
16 May 2024 21:21:29[140] Soyuz‑2.1b / Fregat-M Plesetsk, Site 43/4 Success Kosmos 2576 (Nivelir-L No.4)
9 rideshare satellites 		Reconnaissance
Various uses
30 May 2024 09:42:59[141] Soyuz‑2.1a Baikonur, Site 31/6 Success Progress MS-27 ISS logistics
15 August 2024 03:20:18[142] Soyuz‑2.1a Baikonur, Site 31/6 Success Progress MS-28 ISS logistics
11 September 2024 16:23:12[143] Soyuz‑2.1a Baikonur, Site 31/6 Success Soyuz MS-26 ISS crew transport
31 October 2024 07:51:31[144] Soyuz‑2.1a Plesetsk, Site 43/4 Success Kosmos 2579 (Bars-M 6L) Reconnaissance
4 November 2024 23:18:40[145] Soyuz‑2.1b / Fregat-M Vostochny, Site 1S Success Ionosfera-M No.1
Ionosfera-M No.2
53 rideshare satellites 		Ionospheric research
Various uses
21 November 2024 12:22:23[146] Soyuz‑2.1a Baikonur, Site 31/6 Success Progress MS-29 ISS logistics
29 November 2024 21:50:25[147] Soyuz‑2.1a / Fregat-M Vostochny, Site 1S Success Kondor-FKA No.2 Reconnaissance
4 December 2024 18:03:13[148] Soyuz‑2.1b Plesetsk, Site 43/4 Success Kosmos 2580 (Lotos-S1 No.8) ELINT
25 December 2024 07:45:42[149] Soyuz‑2.1b Baikonur, Site 31/6 Success Resurs-P No.5 Earth observation 2,000th R-7 family rocket launched.[150]
27 February 2025 21:24:27[151] Soyuz‑2.1a Baikonur, Site 31/6 Success Progress MS-30 ISS logistics
2 March 2025 22:22:16[152] Soyuz‑2.1b / Fregat-M Plesetsk, Site 43/3 Success Kosmos 2584
(GLONASS-K2 No. 14L (K2 No.2)) 		Navigation
8 April 2025 05:47:15[153] Soyuz‑2.1a Baikonur, Site 31/6 Success Soyuz MS-27 ISS crew transport

Planned launches

edit
Launch date (UTC) Configuration Spaceport Result Payload Function Remark
23 May 2025 Soyuz‑2.1a / Fregat-M Plesetsk, Site 43 Planned Kosmos (Unknown Payload) ?
17 June 2025[154] Soyuz‑2.1b / Fregat-M Vostochny, Site 1S Planned Ionosfera-M No.3
Ionosfera-M No.4 		Ionospheric research
3 July 2025[155] Soyuz‑2.1a Baikonur, Site 31/6 Scheduled Progress MS-31 ISS logistics
31 July 2025[154] Soyuz‑2.1b / Fregat-M Vostochny, Site 1S Planned Aist-2T No.1
Aist-2T No.2
rideshare 		Earth observation
Various uses
11 September 2025[155] Soyuz‑2.1a Baikonur, Site 31/6 Scheduled Progress MS-32 ISS logistics
27 November 2025[156] Soyuz‑2.1a Baikonur, Site 31 Planned Soyuz MS-28 ISS crew transport
19 December 2025[155] Soyuz‑2.1a Baikonur, Site 31/6 Scheduled Progress MS-33 ISS logistics
2025[157] Soyuz‑2.1a Plesetsk, Site 43 Planned Obzor-R No.1 Earth observation
2025[158] Soyuz‑2.1a / Fregat Vostochny, Site 1S Planned Meteor-M No.2-5 Weather
2025[159] Soyuz‑2.1b Baikonur, Site 31/6 Planned Bion-M No.2 Biological science
2025[154] Soyuz‑2.1b Vostochny, Site 1S Planned Resurs-PM No.1 Earth observation
2025[160][161] Soyuz‑2.1a / Fregat Vostochny, Site 1S Planned Kondor-FKA-M No.1 Reconnaissance
2025[158] Soyuz‑2.1a / Fregat Vostochny, Site 1S Planned Meteor-M No.2-6 Weather
2025[154] Soyuz‑2.1b Vostochny, Site 1S Planned Resurs-PM No.2 Earth observation
2025 Soyuz‑2.1b / Fregat-M Plesetsk, Site 43 Planned GLONASS-K No. 18L Navigation
2025 Soyuz‑2.1b / Fregat-M Plesetsk, Site 43 Planned GLONASS-K No. 19L Navigation
2025[162] Soyuz‑2.1a / Fregat-M Plesetsk, Site 43 Planned Meridian-M No. 21L Communications
February 2026[155] Soyuz‑2.1a Baikonur, Site 31/6 Scheduled Progress MS-34 ISS logistics
March 2026[156] Soyuz‑2.1a Baikonur, Site 31 Planned Soyuz MS-29 ISS crew transport
May 2026[155] Soyuz‑2.1a Baikonur, Site 31/6 Scheduled Progress MS-35 ISS logistics
August 2026[155] Soyuz‑2.1a Baikonur, Site 31/6 Scheduled Progress MS-36 ISS logistics
September 2026[156] Soyuz‑2.1a Baikonur, Site 31 Planned Soyuz MS-30 ISS crew transport
October 2026[155] Soyuz‑2.1a Baikonur, Site 31/6 Scheduled Progress MS-37 ISS logistics
2027[163] Soyuz‑2.1b / Fregat Vostochny, Site 1S Planned Luna 26 Lunar orbiter
Soyuz‑2.1b / Fregat Plesetsk, Site 43 Planned GLONASS-K 19–23 Navigation

See also

edit

Notes

edit
  1. ^ with Fregat from Baikonur
  2. ^ This is a transliteration of the second through fifth letters of the Cyrillic alphabet (Б, В, Г, Д). The English translation is Block B, C, D & E.

References

edit
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  5. ^ Zak, Anatoly (4 April 2024). "RD-0124 engine". RussianSpaceWeb. Retrieved 27 November 2024.
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  40. ^ Soyuz-2-1A launches Kobalt-M reconnaissance satellite
  41. ^ Fresh Glonass navigation satellite launched by Russia
  42. ^ Lift-off for British demo satellites
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Soyuz-2.
  • Official website  
  • Encyclopedia Astronautica article on Soyuz 2.1
  • Encyclopedia Astronautica article on Soyuz 2.1/Fregat
  • Soyuz User's Manual, from Starsem
  • Soyuz-2 launch vehicle, from Roscosmos

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