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Spanish ironclad Numancia

Summary

The Spanish ironclad Numancia was an armored frigate bought from France during the 1860s for service with the Royal Spanish Navy (Armada Real). The name was derived from the Siege of Numantia, in which Roman expansion in the Iberian Peninsula was resisted. She was the first ironclad to circumnavigate the Earth. She saw service in the Chincha Islands War and Cantonal Revolution.[1]

Numancia at anchor
History
Armada Española Ensign
NameNumancia
NamesakeSiege of Numantia
BuilderForges et Chantiers de la Méditerranée, La Seyne, France
Laid down22 January 1861
Launched19 November 1863
Commissioned17 December 1864
Refit1896–1898
Stricken1912
FateSank while under tow, 17 December 1916
General characteristics (as built)
TypeBroadside ironclad
Displacement7,305 t (7,190 long tons)
Length95.6 m (313 ft 8 in)
Beam17.3 m (56 ft 9 in)
Draft7.7 m (25 ft)
Installed power
Propulsion1 shaft, 1 horizontal-return connecting-rod steam engines
Sail planShip rig
Speed12.7 knots (23.5 km/h; 14.6 mph)
Range3,000 nautical miles (5,600 km; 3,500 mi) at 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph)
Complement561
Armament40 × 68-pounder (203 mm) smoothbore guns
Armor
  • Belt: 100–130 mm (3.9–5.1 in)
  • Battery: 120 mm (4.7 in)

Design and description edit

 
Plan and right-elevation drawing of Numancia; the shaded areas show armor protection

Numancia was 95.6 meters (313 ft 8 in) long at the waterline, had a beam of 17.3 meters (56 ft 9 in) and a draft of 7.7 meters (25 ft 3 in).[2] She displaced 7,305 metric tons (7,190 long tons) and was fitted with a ram bow.[3] Her crew consisted of 561 officers and enlisted men.[2]

The ship was fitted with a pair of horizontal-return connecting-rod steam engines from her builder that drove one propeller shaft using steam provided by eight cylindrical boilers.[4] The engines were rated at a total of 1,000 nominal horsepower or 3,700 indicated horsepower (2,800 kW)[3] and gave Numancia a speed of 12.7 knots (23.5 km/h; 14.6 mph)[2] The ironclad carried a maximum of 1,100 metric tons (1,083 long tons) of coal[5] that gave her a range of 3,000 nautical miles (5,600 km; 3,500 mi) at 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph).[3] She was fitted with a three-masted ship rig with a sail area of 1,800–1,900 square meters (19,000–20,000 sq ft).[6]

The frigate's main battery initially consisted of forty 200-millimeter (7.9 in) smoothbore guns mounted on the broadside, but her armament was changed around 1867 to with six 229-millimeter (9 in) and three 200 mm Armstrong-Whitworth guns, and eight Trubia 160-millimeter (6.3 in) guns, all of which were rifled muzzle-loading (RML) weapons. The 229 mm and 160 mm guns were situated on the gun deck while the 200 mm guns were positioned on the main deck. In 1883 Numancia was rearmed with eight Armstrong-Whitworth 254-millimeter (10 in) RML guns and seven 200 mm RMLs. When the ship was refitted in France in 1896–1898, her armament was changed to six Hontoria 160 mm and eight Canet 140-millimeter (5.5 in) (real caliber 138.6 mm) rifled breech-loading guns and a pair of 354-millimeter (14 in) torpedo tubes.[5][7] According to other sources, main artillery was 6.5 inch guns (French caliber 164.7 mm)[8]

Numancia had a complete wrought iron waterline belt of 130-millimeter (5.1 in) armor plates. Above the belt, the guns were protected by a 120-millimeter (4.7 in) strake of armor that extended the length of the ship. The deck was unarmored.[4]

Construction and career edit

In 1866 the ship was a core of Spanish escadre sent to Eastern Pacific participating in the Chincha Islands War, and shelling Valparaíso and Callao. On the way back she became the first ironclad to circumnavigate the Earth under the command of Juan Bautista Antequera y Bobadilla. For this, she earned the motto: "Enloricata navis que primo terram circuivit" ["First ironclad ship to sail around the world"]).[9]

On 19 October 1873,[10] during the Cantonal Revolution, Numancia collided with and sank the gunboat Fernando el Católico.[11]

In November 1902 she was ordered to Ceuta to protect Spanish citizens in Morocco during unrest in that country.[12]

On August 5, 1911 a mutiny occurred while in Tangiers. The mutineers were overpowered and put in irons after which the ship steamed for Cadiz. Once there 26 mutineers were tried by court martial and condemned to death. At 9 am on 8 August 1911 they were given communion and immediately executed.[13]

While being towed to be scrapped in Bilbao she ran aground near Sesimbra, Portugal, during a gale on 17 December 1916 en route from Cadiz.[14][15]

References edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Numancia (ship, 1863).
  1. ^ Pastor y Fernandez de Checa, pp. 3–4
  2. ^ a b c de Saint Humber, p. 23
  3. ^ a b c Silverstone, p. 388
  4. ^ a b de Saint Hubert, pp. 22–23
  5. ^ a b Lyon, p. 380
  6. ^ de Saint Hubert, pp. 22, 24
  7. ^ de Saint Hubert, p. 27
  8. ^ Lyon 1979, p. 380.
  9. ^ Antequera Becerra, Luis (October 2023). "Juan Bautista Antequera y Boadila. El héroe de la Numancia que fundó la Revista General de Marina y previó el desastre del 98". Revista General de Marina: 321–336.
  10. ^ "The Cartagena Insurrection". The Times. No. 27838. London. 4 November 1873. col F, A-D, p. 9-10.
  11. ^ Pastor y Fernandez de Checa, p. 4
  12. ^ "Latest Intelligence - Morocco". The Times. No. 36927. London. 17 November 1902. p. 1.
  13. ^ "9 Aug 1911". Boston Globe. Retrieved 2021-08-28.
  14. ^ Pastor y Fernandez de Checa, p. 5
  15. ^ "O Centenário do Numancia". sesimbra.pt (in Portuguese).

Bibliography edit

  • Adamson, Robert E. & de St. Hubert, Christian (1991). "Question 12/89". Warship International. XXVIII (2): 199–205. ISSN 0043-0374.
  • Brassey, Thomas (1888). The Naval Annual 1887. Portsmouth, England: J. Griffin. OCLC 669097244.
  • de Saint Hubert, Christian (1984). "Early Spanish Steam Warships, Part II". Warship International. XXI (1): 21–45. ISSN 0043-0374.
  • Lyon, Hugh (1979). "Spain". In Chesneau, Roger & Kolesnik, Eugene M. (eds.). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1860–1905. Greenwich, UK: Conway Maritime Press. pp. 380–386. ISBN 0-8317-0302-4.
  • Pastor y Fernandez de Checa, M. (1976). "The Spanish Ironclads Numancia, Vitoria and Pelayo, Pt. II". F. P. D. S. Newsletter. IV (1). Akron, Ohio: F. P. D. S.: 3–5. OCLC 41554533.
  • Silverstone, Paul H. (1984). Directory of the World's Capital Ships. New York: Hippocrene Books. ISBN 0-88254-979-0.
  • "Spanish Ironclads Numancia and Vitoria". Warship International. VIII (3): 287–289. 1970. ISSN 0043-0374.

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