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Submerged floating tunnel

Summary

A submerged floating tunnel (SFT), also known as submerged floating tube bridge (SFTB), suspended tunnel, or Archimedes bridge, is a proposed design for a tunnel that floats in water, supported by its buoyancy (specifically, by employing the hydrostatic thrust, or Archimedes' principle).[1]

Submerged floating tunnels can be anchored to the seafloor (left) or suspended from a pontoon (right)

The tube would be placed underwater, deep enough to avoid water traffic and weather, but not so deep that high water pressure needs to be dealt with; usually a depth of 20 to 50 m (66 to 164 ft) is sufficient. Cables either anchored to the seabed[1] or to pontoons on the surface[2] would prevent it from floating to the surface or submerging, respectively.

Construction edit

 
Diagram of the buoyancy effect

The concept of submerged floating tunnels is based on well-known technology applied to floating bridges and offshore structures, but the construction is mostly similar to that of immersed tunnels: After the tube is prefabricated in sections in a dry dock and the sections are moved to the site, one way is to first seal the sections; sink them into place, while sealed; and, when the sections are fixed to each other, break the seals. Another possibility is to leave the sections unsealed, and after welding them together at the site, pump the water out.

The ballast is calculated so that the structure has approximate hydrostatic equilibrium (that is, the tunnel is roughly the same overall density as water), whereas immersed tube tunnels are ballasted to achieve negative buoyancy so they tend to remain on the sea bed. This, of course, means that a submerged floating tunnel must be anchored to the ground or to the water surface to keep it in place, depending on the buoyancy of the submerged floating tunnel: slightly positive or negative, respectively.

Applications edit

 
Water-spanning structures:
  1. Suspension bridge
  2. Submerged floating tunnel
  3. Immersed tube
  4. Undersea tunnel

Submerged floating tubes allow construction of a tunnel in extremely deep water, where conventional bridges or tunnels are technically difficult or prohibitively expensive. They would be able to deal with seismic disturbances and weather events easily, as they have some degree of freedom in regards to movement, and their structural performance is independent of length (that is, it can be very long without compromising its stability and resistance).

On the other hand, they may be vulnerable in regards to anchors or submarine traffic, which therefore has to be taken in consideration when building one.

Likely applications include fjords, deep, narrow sea channels, and deep lakes.[3]

Proposals edit

As of 2016, a submerged floating tunnel has never been built, but several proposals have been floated by different entities.

Date Place Country Proposer link
1886 Patent N.9558[4] United Kingdom Sir Edward James Reed [5][6]
1890 Patent N.447735[7] United States H. Moeser [8]
1905 Patent N.357983[9] France M.F. Hennebique [6][8]
1907 Patent N.862288[10] United States H.O.Smith [8]
1923 Patent "dykket pontonbro" Norway Trygve Olsen [6][11]
1947 patent "«neddykket, flytende tunnel til kryssing av fjordløp" pending nr. 91699 Norway Erik Ødegård [6][11]
1960 Patent N.1262386[12] France M.F. Cristaldi [8]
1969 Strait of Messina Italy Alan Grant [6][13][14]
1980 Vancouver Island (Vancouver Island fixed link) Canada Ministry of Transportation of British Columbia, Canada [15]
1984 Como Lake Italy G.Magrini [16]
1998 Høgsfjorden Norway Norwegian Public Roads Administration [17][18][19][20]
2003 Transatlantic tunnel — Discovery Channel's Extreme Engineering (Season 1, episode 3) [21][22]
2011 Sognefjord Norway Norwegian Public Road Administration [23]
2016 Bjørnafjord Norway Norwegian Public Road Administration [24]
2017 Multiple potential sites — Hyperloop One [25]
? Funka Bay, Hokkaido Japan Society of Submerged Floating Tunnel Technology [26][27]
? Lake Washington, Seattle United States James Felch / Subterra, Inc. [14][27][28]
? Lugano Lake Switzerland [14]
2018 Cook Strait New Zealand Stuff.co.nz journalists [29]
? Garda Lake Italy Giacomo Cis Onlus committee [30]
2021 Irish Sea United Kingdom Boris Johnson [31]

Europe edit

In Norway, a first patent on this structure was presented in 1923 by Trygve Olsen ("Submerged pontoon bridge") and a new request was done in 1947 by the engineer Erik Ødegård. The interest has been revived during the last centuries with several studies in Norway, but it is just with the studies done by the Norwegian Public Road Administration (NPRA) that the feasibility of the structure is proven, with the recent developments of the offshore structures. The Norwegian Public Roads Administration (NPRA) has investigated the technical and economic potential for eliminating all ferries on fjord crossings along the western corridor (European route E39) between Kristiansand and Trondheim.[32][33] This project also linked with FEHRL through the Forever Open Road programme.[34] If the project were to proceed it estimated to cost $25 billion and be completed by 2050.[35]

Ponte di Archimede International, an Italian company, investigated the SFT in collaboration with the Norwegian Roads Research Laboratory,[36] the Danish Road Institute and the Italian Shipping Register, with a financial grant from the European Union and the coordination of FEHRL (Forum European National Highway Research Laboratories) an International Association of over 30 National Road Centres.[37] Furthermore, the Provincial Administrations of Como (Como Lake) and Lecco, in Italy, have officially shown great interest in the Archimedes' Bridge for crossing the Lario and the study of the submerged floating tunnel in the Strait of Messina has been promoted by Ponte di Archimede S.p.A. and verified with a feasibility analysis by the Italian Naval Register (RINA).[38]

China edit

The SIJLAB (Sino-Italian Joint Laboratory of Archimedes' Bridge), created in 1998, between Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China and Ponte di Archimede S.p.A., is financed by the Italian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology and the Institute of Mechanics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences.

The consortium planned to build a 100m demonstration tunnel in Qiandao Lake in China eastern province of Zhejiang. Inside it, two layers of one-way motorways will run through in the middle, with two railway tracks flanking them.[39] It was later reported that the pilot project would now be a tourist observation tunnel to allow undisturbed viewing of the ruins of flooded Hecheng city, which are currently only viewable by scuba diving.[40][41] The Qiandao Lake prototype will serve to help plan for the project of a 3,300-meter submerged floating tunnel in the Jintang Strait, in the Zhoushan archipelago, also situated in Zhejiang.[42][43][44]

According to Elio Matacena, the President of Ponte di Archimede International, the only difficulty building such tunnels in deeper waters is the price of the structure. Namely, the cables, which are very expensive, would be very long. He also notes that the tunnel is capable of supporting more weight than a traditional bridge, which has very strict weight limits, while being up to two times cheaper. Matacena points out that environmental studies show that the tunnel would have a very low impact on aquatic life.[45]

Indonesia edit

Indonesia has also expressed interest in the technology. For the infrastructure that would connect Sumatra to Java Island two options were explored: a conventional bridge or an undersea tunnel.

In 2004 the tunnel option was more widely discussed, especially when Kwik Kian Gie, then the Minister of National Development, announced that a European consortium was interested in investing in an undersea tunnel between Java and Sumatra. The budget was said to be around 15 billion US dollars for an undersea tunnel in the Sunda Strait; in the long term it would link up Java and Sumatra in an uninterrupted chain. The project was to begin construction in 2005 and be ready to use by 2018, and was a part of the Asian Highway.[46]

However, the bridge option was later favored.[47]

In 2007, Indonesian experts, led by Ir. Iskendar, Director for the Center of Assessment and Application of Technology for Transportation System and Industries, participated in a meeting with SIJLAB engineers, from the Sino-Italian Archimedes Bridge project.[43][48] As an archipelagic country, consisting of more than 13 thousand islands, Indonesia could benefit from such tunnels. Conventional transportation between islands is mainly by ferry. Submerged floating tunnels could thus be an alternative means to connect adjacent islands, in addition to normal bridges.

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ a b Zanchi, Flores (July 2002). "Archimedes Bridge". Floornature. Archived from the original on 2008-01-11. Retrieved 2007-02-11.
  2. ^ "Italian bridges cultures". Beijing Official Web Portal. Archived from the original on 2008-01-11. Retrieved 2007-09-13.
  3. ^ ITA: A New Development: The Submerged Floating Tunnel Archived 2008-02-05 at the Wayback Machine
  4. ^ CA Patent 26192, Edward James Reed, "System of connecting railways which are separated by straits or other waters, with structure, and apparatus for effecting the same", published March 10, 1887 
  5. ^ Stix, Gary (July 1997). "Tunnel Visions". Scientific American. Vol. 277, no. 1. p. 32. JSTOR 24995825.
  6. ^ a b c d e Minoretti, Arianna (17 July 2019). "Il ponte di Archimede: l'evoluzione tecnica di un concetto storico" [The Archimedes Bridge: the technical evolution of a historical concept]. Strade & Autostrade. Retrieved 15 September 2020.
  7. ^ US Patent 447735, Henry Moeser, "Tunnel", published March 3, 1891 
  8. ^ a b c d "D.Costa, E.Pajusco, L’UOMO, L’ACQUA E LA SUA ENERGIA, IL PONTE DI ARCHIMEDE COME SOLUZIONE PER L’ATTRAVERSAMENTO DELLO STRETTO DI MESSINA, IUAV 2003"
  9. ^ FR Patent 357983, Francois Hennebique, "Travées, palées et culées de ponts et de tunnels, en béton armé, plus ou moins émergés ou immergés dans l'eau ou dans des terrains aquifères ou vaseux", published January 22, 1906 
  10. ^ US Patent 862288, Hanford O Smith, "Submarine Tunnel", published August 6, 1907 
  11. ^ a b "Vesterås, Thea Merete (Spring 2014). Rørbru som innovativ fjordkryssingsløsning (PDF) (Masteroppgave). Universitetet i Oslo, Senter for teknologi, innovasjon og kultur. Retrieved 15 September 2020.
  12. ^ FR Patent 1262386, Filippo Cristaldi, "Moyens sous-marins de liaison et de communication entre des berges séparées par des eaux généralement profondes", published May 26, 1961 
  13. ^ US Patent 3738112, Alan Barnett Grant & Ralph Sherman, "Bridging or spanning bodies of water", published June 12, 1973, assigned to Alan Grant & Partners 
  14. ^ a b c "SIJLAB: Sino-Italian Joint Laboratory of Archimedes Bridge" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2007-07-03. Retrieved 2008-08-22.
  15. ^ "A Potential Fixed Link to Vancouver Island". Ministry of Transportation, British Columbia. 2001. Archived from the original on 2010-08-21.
  16. ^ Magrini, Gianfranco (2006). "Tubo del Lago di Como". edixxon.com. Retrieved 15 September 2020.
  17. ^ "Konkurranse om fjordkryssing". Norwegian Public Roads Administration. 7 May 2012. Retrieved 13 October 2013.
  18. ^ "Ferry-free E39: Rørbruer (Tube bridges)". Norwegian Public Roads Administration. December 2012. p. 60. Archived from the original on 2016-01-18. Retrieved 13 October 2013.
  19. ^ "Rørbru". September 2004. Archived from the original on 2013-10-16. Retrieved 2013-10-13.
  20. ^ Norwegian Submerged Floating Tunnel Company AS Archived January 10, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
  21. ^ "Extreme Engineering: Transatlantic Tunnel". Discovery Channel. Archived from the original on 2011-09-27. – Interactive presentation of the theoretical structure of the transatlantic tunnel
  22. ^ "Transatlantic Tunnel". Discovery Go. April 16, 2003. Retrieved 15 September 2020.
  23. ^ Fjeld, Anette (28 November 2012). Feasibility study for crossing Sognefjorden: Submerged Floating Tunnel (Report). Archived from the original on 2019-01-30.
  24. ^ Bjørnafjord Submerged Floating Tube Bridge: K3/K4 Technical Report (Report). Norwegian Public Road Administration. May 31, 2016. Retrieved 15 September 2020.
  25. ^ Cooper, Daniel (June 6, 2017). "Hyperloop One reveals its plans for connecting Europe". Engadget. Retrieved 15 September 2020.
  26. ^ Motohiro, Sato; Shunji, Kanie; Takashi, Mikami (2002). "弾性床上梁にモデル化した水中浮遊式トンネルの波浪応答特性" [Wave response characteristics of Submerged Floating Tunnel modeled as a beam on elastic foundation]. Journal of Structural Engineering. 48A (1). Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University: 27–34. Archived from the original on 2008-10-30.
  27. ^ a b "Groups promoting the SFT concept". Norwegian Submerged Floating Tunnel Company AS. Archived from the original on 2008-10-24. Retrieved 2008-08-22.
  28. ^ "Submerged Floating Tunnel across Lake Washington" (PDF). SubTerra, Inc. 2001. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2013-04-03.
  29. ^ "Is it time for a Cook Strait bridge or tunnel?". Stuff. 6 February 2018. Retrieved 2018-02-20.
  30. ^ "Lago di Garda, ecco il progetto della prima pista ciclabile subacquea del mondo". TrentoToday (in Italian). Retrieved 2019-10-14.
  31. ^ "Boris Johnson's Irish Sea tunnel vision - roadworthy or pipe dream?". BBC News. 22 August 2021. Retrieved 24 August 2021.
  32. ^ Olav Ellevset. "Coastal Highway Route E39" (PDF). Norwegian Public Roads Administration. Archived from the original on 2016-01-18. Retrieved 13 October 2013.
  33. ^ Aarian Marshall (14 July 2016). "Yes, a 'Submerged Floating Bridge' Is a Reasonable Way to Cross a Fjord". Wired. Archived from the original on 2016-08-15. Retrieved 2016-07-31.
  34. ^ "Forever Open Road Home". Archived from the original on 2013-10-04. Retrieved 2012-12-12.
  35. ^ "Norway Pioneers First Floating Underwater Tunnels". Born To Engineer. 11 August 2016. Archived from the original on 2016-09-17. Retrieved 2016-08-11.
  36. ^ "FEHRL: Submerged floating tunnels". Archived from the original on 2013-10-16. Retrieved 2012-12-12.
  37. ^ "Home". Archived from the original on 2008-07-23. Retrieved 2008-08-22.
  38. ^ "Ponte di Archimede S.p.A. — Research and Development" (PDF). pp. 6–7. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-15. Retrieved 2008-08-22.
  39. ^ "China to build world's 1st 'Archimedes bridge'". Archived from the original on 2008-01-11. Retrieved 2007-12-23.
  40. ^ "Qiandao Lake: The Thousand Island Lake and Ancient Submerged Cities". www.amusingplanet.com. Retrieved 2021-04-18.
  41. ^ sina_mobile (2018-12-10). "千岛湖正在营建"水下悬浮隧道"，水下"古城"有望重新现世". k.sina.cn. Retrieved 2021-04-18.
  42. ^ "Archimedes Bridge". Ponte di Archimede International S.p.A. Archived from the original on 2008-01-10.
  43. ^ a b "First Archimedes bridge prototype to be realized in southern China". People's Daily Online. April 18, 2007. Archived from the original on 2008-01-11. Retrieved 2007-09-14.
  44. ^ Zhejiang University Health Monitoring & Controlling Studying of Large-scale Bridge & Tunnel Structure (2006). "Research about suspending tunnel". Archived from the original on 2008-01-11.
  45. ^ Maria Pia Medina Luna (2006-10-21). "Le premier pont-tunnel submergé reliera en Chine le continent à une île sur 3 200 m" (in French). L'Internaute — Magazine Savoir. Archived from the original on 2008-07-26. Retrieved 2008-08-18.
  46. ^ "Menyambung Bali sampai Thailand - Senin, 05 April 2004" (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 2004-05-04. Retrieved 2008-08-22.
  47. ^ "Kompas.Com - Jembatan.selat.sunda.bakal.terpanjang.di.dunia" (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 2008-05-19. Retrieved 2008-08-22.
  48. ^ Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences: Indonesian Experts visited IMECH Archived 2007-12-18 at the Wayback Machine

Further reading edit

Research papers
  • Mariagrazia Di Pilato; Anna Feriani; Federico Perotti (17 March 2008). "Numerical models for the dynamic response of submerged floating tunnels under seismic loading". Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics, Volume 37 Issue 9, pages 1203–1222. Archived from the original on 5 January 2013.
  • FEHRL – Forum of European National Highway Research Laboratories (17 March 2008). "Analysis of the submerged floating tunnel concept". Report no 1996/2a, ISSN 1362-6019.
  • Strait Crossings 2001, by Jon Krokeborg. pages 511–590
  • Ostlid, Havard; Grantz, Walter C.; Saveur, Jan; Jakobsen, Bernt (2007). "The next step: The Very Long Tunnel (VLT)". In Bartak, Jiri; Hrdina, Ivan; Romancov, Georgij; Zlamal, Jaromir (eds.). Underground space — The 4th dimension of metropolises. Taylor & Francis Group. pp. 149–154. ISBN 978-0-415-40807-3. OCLC 7350147091.
  • Hakkaart, J.A.; Lancelotti, A.; Østlid, H.; Marazza, R.; Nyhus, K.A. (1993). Culverwell, D.R. (ed.). "Chapter 6: Submerged Floating Tunnels". Tunneling and Underground Space Technology. 8 (2). Association International des Tunnels: 265–285. doi:10.1016/0886-7798(93)90096-E. Retrieved 14 September 2020.
Videos
  • Video describing several proposals for crossing the Sognefjord by the Norwegian Public Roads Administration. A submerged floating tunnel is described at 4:24.
  • Video explaining some of the concepts of an Archimedes bridge
  • Italian television news covering the Quiandao Lake Project (in Italian)
  • Another news coverage of the Sino-Italian project (in Italian)

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