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Subsolar point

## Summary

A basic diagram showing the location of the subsolar point on Earth's surface. The angle between the sun and the local horizontal level is exactly 90° at the subsolar point.

The subsolar point on a planet is the point at which its sun is perceived to be directly overhead (at the zenith);[1] that is, where the sun's rays strike the planet exactly perpendicular to its surface. It can also mean the point closest to the sun on an astronomical object, even though the sun might not be visible.

To an observer on a planet with an orientation and rotation similar to those of Earth, the subsolar point will appear to move westward, completing one circuit around the globe each day, approximately moving along the equator. However, it will also move north and south between the tropics over the course of a year, so it is spiraling like a helix.

The subsolar point contacts the Tropic of Cancer on the June solstice and the Tropic of Capricorn on the December solstice. The subsolar point crosses the Equator on the March and September equinoxes.

## Coordinates of the subsolar point

The subsolar point moves constantly on the surface of the Earth, but for any given time, its coordinates, or latitude and longitude, can be calculated as follows:[2]

${\displaystyle \phi _{s}=\delta ,}$
${\displaystyle \lambda _{s}=-15(T_{\mathrm {GMT} }-12+E_{\mathrm {min} }/60).}$

where

• ${\displaystyle \phi _{s}}$ is the latitude of the subsolar point in degrees,
• ${\displaystyle \lambda _{s}}$ is the longitude of the subsolar point in degrees,
• ${\displaystyle \delta }$ is the declination of the Sun in degrees,
• ${\displaystyle T_{\mathrm {GMT} }}$ is the Greenwich Mean Time or UTC,
• ${\displaystyle E_{\mathrm {min} }}$ is the equation of time in minutes.

## Observation in specific locations

• Qibla observation by shadows, when the subsolar point passes through the Ka'bah in Saudi Arabia, allowing the Muslim sacred direction to be found by observing shadows.
• When the point passes through Hawaii, which is the only U.S. state in which this happens, the event is known as Lahaina Noon.[3]
Approximate subsolar point dates vs latitude superimposed on a world map, the example in blue denoting Lahaina Noon in Honolulu

## References

1. ^ Ian Ridpath, ed. (1997). "subsolar point". A Dictionary of Astronomy. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-211596-0. The point on the Earth, or other body, at which the Sun is directly overhead at a particular time.
2. ^ Zhang, T., Stackhouse, P.W., Macpherson, B., and Mikovitz, J.C., 2021. A solar azimuth formula that renders circumstantial treatment unnecessary without compromising mathematical rigor: Mathematical setup, application and extension of a formula based on the subsolar point and atan2 function. Renewable Energy, 172, 1333-1340. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2021.03.047
3. ^ Nancy Alima Ali (May 11, 2010). "Noon sun not directly overhead everywhere". Honolulu Star-Bulletin. Retrieved November 12, 2010.