BREAKING NEWS
Cloud Server Hosting For Online Businesses
Inexpensive SEO Services
Benefits of Wanting to play Free Online Slot machines
Symphyotrichum novae-angliae

Summary

Symphyotrichum novae-angliae (formerly Aster novae-angliae) is a species of flowering plant in the aster family (Asteraceae) native to central and eastern North America. Commonly known as New England aster,[4] hairy Michaelmas-daisy,[5] or Michaelmas daisy,[6] it is a perennial, herbaceous plant usually between 30 and 120 centimeters (1 and 4 feet) tall and 60 to 90 cm (2 to 3 ft) wide.

Symphyotrichum novae-angliae
Image of three New England aster blooms, each with about 40 ray florets of a deep purple color, surrounding a dark yellow center of approximately the same number of open disk florets. Disk florets and ray florets are explained in the text.
Rouge National Urban Park, Ontario

Secure  (NatureServe)[1]
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Asterales
Family: Asteraceae
Tribe: Astereae
Subtribe: Symphyotrichinae
Genus: Symphyotrichum
Subgenus: Symphyotrichum subg. Virgulus
Section: Symphyotrichum sect. Polyliguli
Species:
S. novae-angliae
Binomial name
Symphyotrichum novae-angliae
Native distribution in green: Canada — Manitoba, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Ontario, and Québec; US — Alabama, Arkansas, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, District of Columbia, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Virginia, West Virginia, and Wisconsin. Introduced North American distribution in blue: US — Montana, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.
North American distribution of S. novae-angliae, green is native, blue is introduced[3]
Synonyms[2]

Basionym

  • Aster novae-angliae L.
Alphabetical list
    • Aster altissimus Moench
    • Aster amplexicaulis Lam.
    • Aster muehlenbergii Tausch
    • Aster novae-angliae f. geneseensis House
    • Aster novae-angliae var. monocephalus Farw.
    • Aster novae-angliae f. rosarius House
    • Aster novae-angliae f. roseus Britton
    • Aster novae-angliae var. roseus A.Gray
    • Aster novae-angliae f. spurius (Willd.) Voss
    • Aster repertus Mottet
    • Aster roseus Desf.
    • Aster spurius Willd.
    • Aster spurius var. novae-angliae (L.) W.P.C.Barton
    • Diplactis novanglia Raf.
    • Lasallea novae-angliae (L.) Semple & Brouillet
    • Symphyotrichum novae-angliae f. roseum (Desf.) G.Wilh. & Rericha
    • Virgulus novae-angliae (L.) Reveal & Keener

The usually deep purple flowers have up to 100 ray florets which are rarely pink or white. These surround the flower centers which are composed of just as many tiny yellow disk florets. The plant grows naturally in clumps, with several erect stems emerging from a single point. The stems are stout, hairy, and mostly unbranched. The untoothed, lance-shaped leaves clasp the stem with earlobe-like appendages, and the lower stem leaves often wither by the time of flowering.

New England aster generally grows in wet environments but also has been found in dry soil or sand. The seeds and nectar of this mostly conservationally secure species, which blooms August to November, are important to a wide variety of animals, including birds, bees, and butterflies. It has been introduced to Europe, Central Asia, Hispaniola, New Zealand, and some western states and provinces of North America.

The naturally-occurring hybrid species of New England aster and white heath aster (Symphyotrichum ericoides) is named Symphyotrichum × amethystinum and is commonly known as amethyst aster. It can grow where the two parents are in close proximity. There are roughly 50 cultivars of Symphyotrichum novae-angliae available, including the award-winners 'Brunswick', 'Helen Picton', and 'James Ritchie'. It has been used by indigenous Americans, such as the Cherokee, Iroquois, and Potawatomi, to heal multiple ailments.

Description edit

New England aster is a clump-forming perennial and herbaceous plant. Usually it is between 30 and 120 centimeters (1 and 4 feet) tall[3] and 60 to 90 cm (2 to 3 ft) wide.[7] Sometimes it can reach heights of 180 to 240 cm (6 to 8 ft).[7][8] It is cespitose, growing in clumps with several erect stems emerging from a single point. The stems are stout and mostly unbranched. The upper stems and leaves, along with some parts of the flower heads, are covered with tiny glands on tiny stalks called "stipitate glands".[3]

Roots, stems, and leaves edit

The roots either come from caudices or short rhizomes and are thick, appearing woody, sometimes with cormoid portions. There are usually from one to five strong, erect, hairy stems growing from the root base. These can be brown or purplish in color, and largely stipitate-glandular higher up.[3]

 
Auriculate-clasping leaves and hairy stem

Symphyotrichum novae-angliae has light to dark green, thin, and often stiff[3] alternate and simple leaves.[9] These occur at the base, on stems, and on the flower head branches which all have generally the same lanceolate appearance regardless of their location on the plant.[10] The exception to this is the basal (bottom) leaves, which are usually spatulate or sometimes oblanceolate in shape. The lower stem leaves often wither or drop by the time the plant flowers.[3]

The leaf margins are sometimes entire, meaning they are smooth on the edges with no teeth or lobes,[3] or ciliate, meaning fringed with fine hairs on their edges.[10] They are sessile, having no leafstalk, and they are auriculate, clasping the stem with earlobe-like appendages.[3]

The leaves can vary in size, with the basal and distal (highest) leaves usually smaller than those occurring mid-stem. The basal leaves are sparsely hirsute and range 2–6 cm wide. Stem leaves are generally lanceolate or oblong with pointed tips and have stipitate glands on both sides. They average 5–10 cm in length by 5–2 millimeters[a] wide. The distal leaves are oblanceolate, also stipitate-glandular, and softly-pubescent. Distal leaves range 3–8 cm in length by 6–15 mm wide.[3]

Flowers edit

 
Growing pattern in paniculo-corymbiform arrays

Symphyotrichum novae-angliae is a late-summer and fall blooming perennial with flower heads opening as early as August in some locations and as late as November in others. The inflorescences grow in paniculo-corymbiform arrays, also called "cymose corymbs". These inflorescences have many leaves and are quite crowded,[3] typically with one head at the end of each small branch.[11] Each open flower head can be up to 5 cm in diameter.[8]

Involucres and phyllaries edit

On the outside the flower heads of all members of the family Asteraceae are small specialized leaves called "phyllaries", and together they form the involucre that protects the individual flowers in the head before they open.[12] The involucres of S. novae-angliae are campanulate (bell-shaped) to hemispheric (half-spherical) and usually 7–9 mm in length. The phyllaries are spreading and often reflexed and are covered with stipitate glands. They are in 3–5 (sometimes up to 6) somewhat equal rows.[3]

Florets edit

Each flower head is made up of ray florets and disk florets in about a one to one ratio, with the former accepting pollen before, and longer than, the latter.[13] The 40–100 ray florets grow in one, two, or multiple series and are usually deep purple, rarely pink or white. They average 10–20 mm in length and 0.8–1.3 mm wide.[11] Ray florets in the Symphyotrichum genus are exclusively female, each having a pistil (with style, stigma, and ovary) but no stamen; thus, ray florets accept pollen and each can develop a seed, but they produce no pollen.[14]

The disks have 50–110 florets that start out as yellow and later turn purple. Each disk floret has an average range of 4.5–5.5 mm in depth[3] and is made up of 5 fused petals, collectively called a "corolla", which opens into 5 lobes.[b] Disk florets in the Symphyotrichum genus are androgynous, each with both male (stamen, anthers, and filaments) and female reproductive parts; thus, a disk floret produces pollen and can develop a seed.[14]

  •  
    Flower head showing involucre and phyllaries
  •  
    Close-up of stipitate-glandular trichomes on phyllaries
  •  
    Close-up of ray and disk florets
  •  
    Close-up of disk florets

Fruit edit

 
Large seed heads

The fruits of Symphyotrichum novae-angliae are seeds, not true achenes but cypselae, resembling an achene but surrounded by a calyx sheath. This is true for all members of the Asteraceae family.[15] After pollination, they become dull purple or brown with an oblong or obconic shape, are uncompressed, and are 1.8–3 mm long and 0.6–1 mm wide with 7–10 nerves. They also have tufts of hairs called "pappi" which are tawny or rose-tinged in color and 4.5–6 mm long.[3]

Chromosomes edit

S. novae-angliae has a monoploid number (also called "base number") of five chromosomes (x = 5). The species is diploid with a total chromosome count of 10.[3]

Taxonomy edit

History and classification edit

The species' basionym (original scientific name) is Aster novae-angliae L., and it has many taxonomic synonyms. Its name with author citations is Symphyotrichum novae-angliae (L.) G.L.Nesom.[2] Swedish botanist Carl Linnaeus, in 1753, formally described what we know today as S. novae-angliae.[16] It is a member of the genus Symphyotrichum classified in the subgenus Virgulus. It has been placed in section Grandiflori,[17] sometimes segregated then within its own subsection Polyligulae.[18] It also has been segregated within its own section Polyliguli.[19] The cladogram shown follows the circumscription of section Polyliguli for the species.

Placement within Symphyotrichum
  • Symphyotrichum
    subg. Chapmaniana

    (1 species)

    subg. Astropolium

    (11 species)

    subg. Virgulus
    subg. Ascendentes

    (2 species)

    subg. Symphyotrichum

    (55 species)


 
S. × amethystinum, center, is a hybrid between S. novae-angliae, right, and S. ericoides, left.

Several varieties and forms have been described, differing in flower color, but these generally are not recognized and are considered taxonomic synonyms of the species.[2][3][20] F1 hybridization with S. ericoides can occur where the ranges of these two species overlap. Named Symphyotrichum × amethystinum (amethyst aster),[21] the hybrid is intermediate between the parent species in most respects. No other hybrids with S. novae-angliae have been reported.[22]

Etymology edit

The word Symphyotrichum has as its root the Greek symph, which means "coming together", and trichum, which means "hair". The species name novae-angliae translates to "New England",[7] and the vernacular name "Michaelmas daisy" derives from the various asters, including this species, that tend to flower around September 29, the Feast of St. Michael.[23]

The species' former genus, Aster, comes from the Ancient Greek word ἀστήρ (astḗr), meaning "star", referring to the shape of the flower. The word "aster" was used to describe a star-like flower as early as 1542 in De historia stirpium commentarii insignes, a book by the German physician and botanist Leonhart Fuchs. An old common name for Astereae species using the suffix "-wort" is "starwort", also spelled "star-wort" or "star wort". An early use of this name can be found in the same work by Fuchs as Sternkraut, translated from German literally as "star herb" (Stern Kraut).[24] The name "star-wort" was in use by Aiton in his 1789 Hortus Kewensis for Aster novae-angliae. He used the common names "New England cluster'd star-wort" and "New England panicl'd star-wort" in this work.[25]

Distribution and habitat edit

 
Growing in a lakeside habitat at Lake Nokomis, Minneapolis, Minnesota
 
Juvenile plant growing in sand at Wasaga Beach, Ontario

Distribution edit

Native edit

New England aster is native to most of the central and northeastern United States and southeastern Canada, from Manitoba south to Louisiana and east to Maine. It is absent from much of the far southeastern United States and from boreal regions in North America.[3] There are isolated populations to the west of the main range, such as in New Mexico and in the Black Hills of South Dakota.[26]

Introduced edit

Due to widespread cultivation, introduced populations are present elsewhere in North America including in Montana, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.[3] It was found in Nova Scotia and considered a possible escapee from cultivation,[27] but as of July 2021, it is categorized as native there. It is considered ephemeral in British Columbia,[6] with recorded sightings in 1993 and 1994 near Vancouver, probably originating from railroad cars and garden waste.[28]

New England aster is widely naturalized throughout most of Europe, in parts of Central Asia,[2][29][30] on the island of Hispaniola,[30] and in the island country of New Zealand.[31]

Habitat edit

S. novae-angliae is found in a wide variety of open, typically moist habitats, including meadows, prairies, marshes, fens, forest edges, and disturbed anthropogenic sites, such as roadsides and former agricultural fields.[3][32] In its native habitat, it grows primarily in moist calcareous soils,[33] favoring more marshy-wet sites in the western-most of its range.[34]

It is categorized on the United States National Wetland Plant List (NWPL) with the Wetland indicator status rating of Facultative Wetland (FACW) in all wetland regions, meaning it usually occurs in wetlands, but not out of necessity.[35] For example, in one northern location, the Niagara Peninsula in southern Ontario, it was found to grow in dry and sandy soils. It grows best in soils with a pH of 5–7.[33]

Ecology edit

 
Flowering with goldenrod (Solidago)

Symphyotrichum novae-angliae has coefficients of conservatism (C-values) in the Floristic Quality Assessment (FQA) that range from 0 to 8 depending on evaluation region.[36] The higher the C-value, the lower tolerance the species has for disturbance and the greater the likelihood that it is growing in a presettlement natural community.[37] In the Dakotas, for example, S. novae-angliae has a C-value of 8, meaning its populations there are found in high-quality remnant natural areas with little environmental degradation but can tolerate some periodic disturbance.[38] In contrast, for the Atlantic coastal pine barrens of Massachusetts, New York, and Rhode Island, it has been given a C-value of 1, meaning its presence in locations of that ecoregion provides little or no confidence of a remnant habitat.[39]

Reproduction edit

Symphyotrichum novae-angliae reproduces sexually via wind-dispersed seeds and asexually (vegetatively) via short rhizomes. The species is largely incapable of self-pollination and requires cross-pollination for seed production.[13] The ray florets of species in the Symphyotrichum genus are exclusively female, each having a pistil but no stamen, while disk florets are androgynous, each with both male and female reproductive parts.[14][c]

Pollinators and food-seekers edit

The seeds of S. novae-angliae are an important fall and winter food source for songbirds.[26] Further, a wide variety of generalist nectar-feeding insects visit the plant, including butterflies, moths, ants, flies, and bees. It is heavily visited by long-tongued bumblebees, including the golden northern bumble bee (Bombus fervidus) and the half-black bumblebee (Bombus vagans), and less so by short-tongued species.[13] Some bees will collect pollen in addition to nectar, such as the broad-handed leafcutter bee (Megachile latimanus) and Drury's long-horned bee (Melissodes druriellus).[32][d]

Pests and diseases edit

Insects edit

A gall midge insect, Rhopalomyia astericaulis, produces a 2 cm stem gall on this species. Leaf-mining insects include beetles (Sumitrosis inaequalis, Systena hudsonias, and Microrhopala xerene) and flies (Agromyza curvipalpis, Agromyza platypera, Napomyza lateralis, and Phytomyza albiceps). A butterfly known to feed on New England aster as a caterpillar is the Gorgone checkerspot (Chlosyne gorgone).[40] The warty leaf beetle Exema canadensis breeds on S. novae-angliae.[32]

Fungi edit

Fungi known to affect the species include the mildews Basidiophora entospora (downy) and Erysiphe cichoracearum (powdery), and a black knot fungus Gibberidea heliopsidis. Leaf spot fungi include Discosphaerina pseudhimantia and Placosphaeria haydeni (both making black spots), as well as Ramularia asteris, R. macrospora,[40] and Septoria atropurpurea, the latter making purple stains.[32] Two rusts have been recorded on S. novae-angliae: the brown rust Puccinia asteris and the red rust Coleosporium asterum.[40]

Conservation edit

 
Common eastern bumble bee (Bombus impatiens) on a flower head

As of July 2021, NatureServe listed S. novae-angliae as Secure (G5) worldwide; Possibly Extirpated (SX) in Oklahoma; Critically Imperiled (S1) in Saskatchewan, Georgia, South Carolina, and Wyoming; Imperiled (S2) in Colorado; and, Vulnerable (S3) in North Carolina.[1]

Uses edit

Medicinal edit

Symphyotrichum novae-angliae has been used for various medicinal purposes. In his 1828 Medical Flora, French botanist Constantine Samuel Rafinesque wrote the following about its use to treat skin eruptions, including urushiol-induced contact dermatitis from poison ivy and poison sumac:[41]

The A. novanglia is employed in decoction internally, with a strong decoction externally, in many eruptive diseases of the skin: it removes also the poisonous state of the skin caused by Rhus or Shumac.[e]

Among Indigenous peoples of North America, it has been documented that the Cherokee have made a poultice of the roots for pain,[43] an infusion of the roots for diarrhea,[44] an infusion of the plant for fever,[45] and have sniffed the ooze from the roots for catarrh.[46]

Both the Meskwaki and the Potawatomi have used the plant to revive people: the Meskwaki by smudging, and the Potawatomi through fumigation.[47][48] The Iroquois have made a decoction of the plant for weak skin[49] and of the roots and leaves for fevers.[50] They have used the plant as a love medicine.[51] Both the Mohawk people and the Iroquois have used an infusion of the whole plant in combination with rhizomes from another plant to treat mothers with intestinal fevers.[26][52] The Ojibwe have smoked the root in pipes to attract game.[53]

Gardening edit

 
Several cultivars of New England aster

Over 70 cultivars have been developed, and about 50 were in commerce as of 2019.[54] The S. novae-angliae cultivars grow to between 90 and 200 centimeters (3 and 6+1⁄2 feet) in height, with the notable exception of 'Purple Dome', at 45 cm (1+1⁄2 ft).[55] Long popular in Europe where it was introduced into cultivation in 1710,[8] New England aster has only more recently become commonly cultivated in North America.[26]

Twelve cultivars have received the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit (AGM) as of December 2020,[56] including 'Brunswick' (bright pink),[57] 'Helen Picton' (purple),[58] 'James Ritchie' (deep pink),[59] and 'Rosa Sieger' (rose-pink).[60]

Notes edit

  1. ^ To convert millimeters to inches, divide the number of millimeters by exactly 25.4.
  2. ^ There are 5 lobes on the disk florets of all species in Symphyotrichum genus.[14]
  3. ^ See Asteraceae § Flowers for more detail.
  4. ^ As Melissodes druriella in Wilhelm & Rericha[32]
  5. ^ At the time of the writing of Rafinesque's Medical Flora, the North American species Toxicodendron radicans (eastern poison ivy) was classified in the genus Rhus.[42]

Citations edit

  1. ^ a b NatureServe (2021).
  2. ^ a b c d e POWO (2019).
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Brouillet et al. (2006a).
  4. ^ USDA (2014).
  5. ^ NBN Trust (n.d.).
  6. ^ a b Brouillet et al. (2020).
  7. ^ a b c Missouri Botanical Garden (n.d.).
  8. ^ a b c Picton (1999), p. 76.
  9. ^ Native Plant Trust (2021).
  10. ^ a b Wilhelm & Rericha (2017), p. 1103.
  11. ^ a b Chmielewski & Semple (2003), p. 1020.
  12. ^ Morhardt & Morhardt (2004), p. 29.
  13. ^ a b c Chmielewski & Semple (2003), p. 1028.
  14. ^ a b c d Brouillet et al. (2006b).
  15. ^ Barkley, Brouillet & Strother (2006).
  16. ^ Linnaeus (1753), p. 875.
  17. ^ Brouillet et al. (2006c).
  18. ^ Nesom (1994), p. 273.
  19. ^ Semple, Heard & Brouillet (2002), p. 133.
  20. ^ Chmielewski & Semple (2003), p. 1021.
  21. ^ Semple (2014).
  22. ^ Chmielewski & Semple (2003), p. 1030.
  23. ^ Taylor (2010).
  24. ^ Fuchs (1542).
  25. ^ Aiton (1789), p. 201.
  26. ^ a b c d Chmielewski & Semple (2003), p. 1022.
  27. ^ Shinners (1943), p. 349.
  28. ^ Lomer (2001).
  29. ^ Lakušić & Jovanović (2012).
  30. ^ a b Hassler (2021).
  31. ^ New Zealand Organisms Register (2012).
  32. ^ a b c d e Wilhelm & Rericha (2017), p. 1102.
  33. ^ a b Chmielewski & Semple (2003), p. 1023.
  34. ^ Chmielewski & Semple (2003), p. 1026.
  35. ^ CRREL (2018), p. 176.
  36. ^ Freyman (2021).
  37. ^ Rothrock (2004), p. 3.
  38. ^ Northern Great Plains Floristic Quality Assessment Panel (2017).
  39. ^ Metzler, Ring & Faber-Langendoen (2018).
  40. ^ a b c Chmielewski & Semple (2003), p. 1033.
  41. ^ Rafinesque (1828).
  42. ^ IPNI (2021).
  43. ^ Hamel & Chiltoskey (1975), 39179.
  44. ^ Hamel & Chiltoskey (1975), 39180.
  45. ^ Hamel & Chiltoskey (1975), 39181.
  46. ^ Hamel & Chiltoskey (1975), 39182.
  47. ^ Smith (1928).
  48. ^ Smith (1933).
  49. ^ Herrick (1977), 39184.
  50. ^ Herrick (1977), 39185.
  51. ^ Herrick (1977), 39187.
  52. ^ Rousseau (1945).
  53. ^ Densmore (1928).
  54. ^ Picton (n.d.).
  55. ^ Picton (2021).
  56. ^ Royal Horticultural Society (2020).
  57. ^ Royal Horticultural Society (n.d.a).
  58. ^ Royal Horticultural Society (n.d.b).
  59. ^ Royal Horticultural Society (n.d.c).
  60. ^ Royal Horticultural Society (n.d.d).

References edit

  • Aiton, W. (1789). Hortus Kewensis (in Latin). Vol. 3. London: George Nicol. p. 201. Retrieved 24 July 2021 – via Biodiversity Heritage Library.
  • Barkley, T.M.; Brouillet, L.; Strother, J.L. (2006). "Asteraceae". In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.). Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA). Vol. 19. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press. Retrieved 26 June 2021 – via eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA.
  • Brouillet, L.; Desmet, P.; Coursol, F.; Meades, S.J.; Favreau, M.; Anions, M.; Bélisle, P.; Gendreau, C.; Shorthouse, D. (4 September 2020). "Symphyotrichum novae-angliae (Linnaeus) G.L. Nesom". data.canadensys.net. Database of Vascular Plants of Canada (VASCAN). Retrieved 23 June 2021.
  • Brouillet, L.; Semple, J.C.; Allen, G.A.; Chambers, K.L.; Sundberg, S.D. (2006a). "Symphyotrichum novae-angliae". In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.). Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA). Vol. 20. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press. Retrieved 25 June 2021 – via eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA.
  • Brouillet, L.; Semple, J.C.; Allen, G.A.; Chambers, K.L.; Sundberg, S.D. (2006b). "Symphyotrichum". In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.). Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA). Vol. 20. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press. Retrieved 25 June 2021 – via eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA.
  • Brouillet, L.; Semple, J.C.; Allen, G.A.; Chambers, K.L.; Sundberg, S.D. (2006c). "Symphyotrichum subg. Virgulus". In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.). Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA). Vol. 20. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press. Retrieved 26 October 2021 – via eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA.
  • Chmielewski, J.G.; Semple, J.C. (2003). "The biology of Canadian weeds. 125. Symphyotrichum ericoides (L.) Nesom (Aster ericoides L.) and S. novae-angliae (L.) Nesom (A. novae-angliae L.)". Canadian Journal of Plant Science. 83 (4): 1017–1037. doi:10.4141/P01-179.
  • CRREL (2018). "2018 National Wetland Plant List" (PDF). wetland-plants.usace.army.mil. Hanover, New Hampshire: US Army Corps of Engineers, Engineer Research and Development Center, Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory (published 18 May 2020). p. 176. Retrieved 7 January 2021.
  • Densmore, F. (1928). Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians. p. 376. Retrieved 22 June 2021 – via Biodiversity Heritage Library.
  • Freyman, W.A. (2021). "Universal FQA: Compare species coefficients". universalfqa.org. Chicago: Openlands. Retrieved 24 June 2021. Choose 'FQA Databases', then 'Compare Species Coefficients', then enter search term 'Symphyotrichum novae-angliae'.
  • Fuchs, L. (1542). De historia stirpium commentarii insignes (in Latin). Illustrated by Meyer, A.; Füllmaurer, H.; and Speckle, V.R. Basel, Switzerland: In officina Isingriniana. p. 133. Retrieved 3 January 2021 – via Biodiversity Heritage Library.
  • Hamel, P.B.; Chiltoskey, M.U. (1975). Cherokee Plants and Their Uses — A 400 Year History. Sylva, North Carolina: Herald Publishing Co. LCCN 75-27776 – via abstract at Native American Ethnobotany DB (naeb.brit.org).
  • Hassler, M. (17 March 2021). "Symphyotrichum novae-angliae (L.) G. L. Nesom – World Plants: Synonymic Checklists of the Vascular Plants of the World". In Roskov, Y.; Ower, G.; Orrell, T.; Nicolson, D.; Bailly, N.; Kirk, P.M.; Bourgoin, T.; DeWalt, R.E.; Decock, W.; van Nieukerken, E.J.; Penev, L. (eds.). Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life, 10 June 2021. Leiden, Netherlands: Naturalis Biodiversity Center. ISSN 2405-8858. Retrieved 24 June 2021. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help)
  • Herrick, J.W. (1977). Iroquois Medical Botany (PhD). Albany: State University of New York – via abstract at Native American Ethnobotany DB (naeb.brit.org).
  • "Toxicodendron radicans (L.) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 1: 153 (1891)". International Plant Names Index (IPNI). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; Harvard University Herbaria & Libraries; Australian National Botanic Gardens. Retrieved 20 July 2021.
  • Lakušić, D.; Jovanović, S. (2012). "Symphyotrichum novae-angliae (Compositae) new alien species in Serbia". Botanica Serbica. 36 (1): 67–70. Retrieved 20 July 2021.
  • Linnaeus, C. (1753). Species Plantarum (in Latin). Vol. 2 (1st ed.). Stockholm: Impensis Laurentii Salvii. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.669. Retrieved 24 July 2021 – via Biodiversity Heritage Library.
  • Lomer, F. (7 June 2001). Ceska, A. (ed.). "Ephemeral introductions of vascular plants around Vancouver, British Columbia (part 2)". Botanical Electronic News. No. 270. ISSN 1188-603X. Archived from the original on 28 April 2021. Retrieved 30 July 2021.
  • Metzler, K.; Ring, R.; Faber-Langendoen, D. (2018). "Database of coefficients of conservatism for Omernik Level 3 Ecoregion 84". universalfqa.org. Chicago: Openlands. Retrieved 24 June 2021.
  • Missouri Botanical Garden (n.d.). "Symphyotrichum novae-angliae". www.missouribotanicalgarden.org. St. Louis. Retrieved 24 June 2021.
  • Morhardt, S.; Morhardt, E. (2004). California Desert Flowers. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 0-52024-003-0.
  • Native Plant Trust (2021). "Symphyotrichum novae-angliae (New England American-aster): Go Botany". gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org. Framingham, Massachusetts. Archived from the original on 21 January 2021. Retrieved 26 June 2021.
  • NatureServe (2 July 2021). "Symphyotrichum novae-angliae New England Aster". explorer.natureserve.org. Arlington, Virginia. Retrieved 19 July 2021.
  • NBN Trust (n.d.). "Aster novae-angliae L. Hairy Michaelmas-daisy". species.nbnatlas.org. Nottingham, United Kingdom: National Biodiversity Network. Retrieved 23 June 2021.
  • Nesom, G.L. (September 1994). "Review of the taxonomy of Aster sensu lato (Asteraceae: Astereae), emphasizing the New World species". Phytologia. 77 (3) (published 31 January 1995): 141–297. ISSN 0031-9430. Retrieved 23 August 2021 – via Biodiversity Heritage Library.
  • New Zealand Organisms Register (2012). "Symphyotrichum novae-angliae (L.) G.L.Nesom". www.nzor.org.nz. Retrieved 6 February 2020.
  • Northern Great Plains Floristic Quality Assessment Panel (2017). "Dakotas, 2017 [updated from Coefficients of conservatism for the vascular flora of the Dakotas and adjacent grasslands; U.S. Geological Survey, Biological Resources Division, Information and Technology Report USGS/BRD/ITR-2001-0001]". universalfqa.org. Chicago: Openlands. Retrieved 24 June 2021. Updated the nomenclature by comparing to ITIS on the 2001 list and removed duplicates.
  • Picton, P. (1999). The Gardener's Guide to Growing Asters. Portland, Oregon: Timber Press, Inc. ISBN 0-88192-473-3. OCLC 715820196.
  • Picton, P. (2021). "Asters". Colwall, United Kingdom: The Picton Garden and Old Court Nurseries. Archived from the original on 16 September 2020. Retrieved 22 June 2021.
  • Picton, P. (n.d.). "Aster novae-angliae (New England Aster; Michaelmas Daisy)". Colwall, United Kingdom: The Picton Garden and Old Court Nurseries. Archived from the original on 2 December 2019. Retrieved 24 July 2021.
  • POWO (2019). "Symphyotrichum novae-angliae (L.) G.L.Nesom". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 22 June 2021.
  • Rafinesque, C.S. (1828). Medical Flora; or, Manual of the Medical Botany of the United States of North America. Vol. 1. Philadelphia: Atkinson & Alexander. p. 198. Retrieved 20 July 2021 – via Biodiversity Heritage Library.
  • Rothrock, P.E. (June 2004). Floristic quality assessment in Indiana: the concept, use, and development of coefficients of conservatism. Final report for ARN A305-4-53, EPA Wetland Program Development Grant CD975586-01 (PDF) (Report). p. 96. Retrieved 24 June 2021.
  • Rousseau, J. (1945). "Le Folklore Botanique De Caughnawaga". Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Université de Montréal. 55: 65. Retrieved 1 July 2021 – via abstract at Native American Ethnobotany DB (naeb.brit.org).
  • Royal Horticultural Society (n.d.a). "RHS Plant Finder - Symphyotrichum novae-angliae 'Brunswick'". www.rhs.org.uk. London. Retrieved 5 March 2021.
  • Royal Horticultural Society (n.d.b). "RHS Plant Finder - Symphyotrichum novae-angliae 'Helen Picton'". www.rhs.org.uk. London. Retrieved 5 March 2021.
  • Royal Horticultural Society (n.d.c). "RHS Plant Finder - Symphyotrichum novae-angliae 'James Ritchie'". www.rhs.org.uk. London. Retrieved 5 March 2021.
  • Royal Horticultural Society (n.d.d). "RHS Plant Finder - Symphyotrichum novae-angliae 'Rosa Sieger'". www.rhs.org.uk. London. Retrieved 20 July 2021.
  • Royal Horticultural Society (December 2020). "AGM Plants Dec 2020 RHS - Ornamental" (PDF). www.rhs.org.uk. London. p. 109. Retrieved 20 July 2021.
  • Semple, J.C. (23 February 2014). "Symphyotrichum ×amethystinum Amethyst Aster". www.uwaterloo.ca. Ontario. Archived from the original on 17 January 2021. Retrieved 27 June 2021.
  • Semple, J.C.; Heard, S.B.; Brouillet, L. (2002). "Cultivated and native asters of Ontario (Compositae: Astereae)". University of Waterloo Biology Series. 41: 1–134.
  • Shinners, L.H. (1943). "The genus Aster in Nova Scotia". Rhodora. 45. Lancaster, Pennsylvania: Intelligencer Printing Company: 344–351. ISSN 0035-4902. Retrieved 30 July 2021 – via Biodiversity Heritage Library.
  • Smith, H.H. (1928). "Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians". Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee. 4: 212. Retrieved 3 November 2020 – via eHRAF World Cultures.
  • Smith, H.H. (1933). "Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians" (PDF). Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee. 7: 45. Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 January 2021. Retrieved 22 June 2021 – via Michael Moore (herbalist), Southwest School of Botanical Medicine (www.swsbm.com), Bisbee, Arizona.
  • Taylor, R. (7 October 2010). "Michaelmas Traditions". Black Country Bugle. Archived from the original on 30 September 2015. Retrieved 29 September 2015.
  • USDA, NRCS (2014). "Symphyotrichum novae-angliae". The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov). Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team. Retrieved 22 June 2021.
  • Wilhelm, G.; Rericha, L. (2017). Flora of the Chicago Region: A Floristic and Ecological Synthesis. Illustrated by Lowther, M.M. Indianapolis: Indiana Academy of Science. ISBN 978-1883362157. OCLC 983207050.

External links edit

  • New England Aster at Illinois Wildflowers
  • New England Aster at Minnesota Wildflowers
  • New England Aster at Ontario Wildflowers
  • Symphyotrichum novae-angliae at Ladybird Johnson Wildflower Center (wildflower.org)

By using this platform, you agree to the Terms of Use ©2020 Knowpia