Summary
Terukuni Maru (照国丸) was a Japanese ocean liner owned by Nippon Yusen Kaisha (NYK). The ship was launched in 1929 by Mitsubishi Shipbuilding & Engineering Co. at Nagasaki, on the southern island of Kyūshū, Japan, entering service in 1930. She sank off the English coast in 1939 after striking a mine. Her sinking has been described as Japan's only World War II casualty outside East Asia before the 1941 attack on Pearl Harbor.[1]
 NYK Terukuni Maru, 1930s
| |
| History | |
|---|---|
  Japan | |
| Name | Terukuni Maru |
| Operator |  Nippon Yusen (NYK) |
| Builder | Mitsubishi Shipbuilding & Engineering Co. Nagasaki |
| Yard number | 467 |
| Laid down | January 9, 1929 |
| Launched | December 19, 1929 |
| Completed | May 31, 1930 |
| In service | 1930 |
| Fate | Mined off UK coast November 21, 1939 |
| General characteristics | |
| Class and type | Terukuni Maru class ocean liner |
| Tonnage | 11,931 gross register tons (GRT) |
| Length | 153.92 m (505.0 ft)pp |
| Beam | 19.51 m (64.0 ft) |
| Draught | 11.28 m (37.0 ft) |
| Propulsion | 2 Mitsubishi-Sulzer diesel engines, 10,000 hp (7,500 kW) |
| Speed | 17 knots |
| Capacity | 249 |
| Crew | 177 |
| Notes | Steel construction |
History edit
The ship was named for the Terukuni jinja, a Shinto shrine located in Kagoshima.[2] The Terukuni Maru and her sister ship Yasukuni Maru were built for NYK’s fortnightly scheduled high-speed European service, coming into operation from the autumn of 1930.[3] Both ships were specially designed for tropical conditions, with state-of-the-art air conditioning and fresh air circulation systems, as their routing was south from Japan, through the Indian Ocean, Suez Canal and Mediterranean Sea.[4] Both ships were initially designed for use with geared turbine engines for projected cruising speed of 18 knots. However, under increasing pressure from the Japanese government to use only equipment and technologies available domestically, the design was changed to use standard Mitsubishi-Sulzer marine diesel engines, which reduced cruising speed to 15 knots.
The 11,931-ton steel-hulled vessel had a length of 505 feet (154 m), and a beam of 64 feet (20 m), with a single funnel, two masts, and double screws. Terukuni Maru provided accommodation for 121 first-class passengers and 68 second class passengers. There was also room for up to 60 third-class passengers. The ship and passengers were served by a crew of 177.[5]
Final voyage edit
On September 24, 1939, at 5 PM, Terukuni Maru departed Yokohama on her 25th voyage to Europe. En route, she made her usual scheduled ports of call: Nagoya, Osaka, Kobe, Moji, Shanghai, Hong Kong, Singapore, Penang, and Colombo. After transiting the Suez Canal, she called at Beirut, Naples and Marseilles (where she stayed for four days), followed by Casablanca. At 9 AM on November 19, she transited the Dover Straits, turning north to the mouth of the River Thames and her final destination of London. She took aboard a pilot off the South Downs, and underwent contraband inspection while Royal Navy minesweepers checked her route into London for mines. After receiving clearance to proceed, at 35 minutes after midnight on the morning of November 21, an explosion occurred between her second and third holds, after she struck a German magnetic mine at 51°50′N 01°30′E / 51.833°N 1.500°E off Harwich on the Essex coast. She sank in less than 45 minutes,[6] but there were no fatalities as all 28 passengers and 177 crew members were able to escape in lifeboats.[1][7]
As Japan was officially neutral at the time, the sinking of the Terukuni Maru led to a diplomatic incident between Japan and both the United Kingdom and Germany. Both countries officially denied responsibility for the mine. However, it is almost certain to have been a German mine because the type of mine used is one that had been developed by the Germans and because the United Kingdom would not have placed mines in its own shipping lanes.[1] Although Japan was increasingly allied towards Germany, the Japanese government protested the loss with the Nazi German government, but the ship owner was not compensated for the loss.[1]
The wrecked ship lay partly submerged on its side at 8 fathoms (48 ft; 15 m) depth, visible to wartime shipping.[8] The wreckage was examined for salvage potential, but salvage work was not undertaken. In 1946 the ship was demolished with explosives as part of a British effort to remove war debris from coastal waters.[1] The remains of the Terukuni Maru have been recorded.[7]
A model of the ship is displayed in the library of the University of Strathclyde in Glasgow.[9]
See also edit
Notes edit
- ^ a b c d e Heal, Syd C. (2003). Ugly ducklings: Japan's WWII liberty type standard ship. Naval Institute Press. pp. 39–43. ISBN 978-1-59114-888-3.
- ^ Ponsonby-Fane, Richard. (1935). The Nomenclature of the N.Y.K. Fleet, p. 50.
- ^ NYK Line – Nippon Yusen Kaisha. Timetableimages.com. Retrieved on 2011-12-12.
- ^ Arthur de Carle Sowerby, John Calvin Ferguson, China Society of Arts and Science The China journal, Volume 13. Page 136
- ^ Kawata, T.Glimpses of East Asia (1936) Nihon Yūsen Kabushiki Kaisha, p. 20
- ^ World War: Black Moons. Time Magazine (1939-12-04). Retrieved on 2011-12-12.
- ^ a b Terukuni Maru, English Heritage
- ^ Lund & Ludlam. (1979) Out Sweeps! The Story of the Minesweepers in World War II. New English Library ISBN 0450044688 p.17
- ^ Stewart, Carol (September 2011), Through the porthole, University of Strathclyde, contents credited to ‘A Fleet under Glass’ by John F. Petrie. University of Strathclyde Gazette, 1981.
References edit
- Ponsonby-Fane, Richard Arthur Brabazon. (1935). The Nomenclature of the N.Y.K. Fleet. Tokyo : Nippon Yusen Kaisha. OCLC 27933596
- Williams, David. Wartime Passenger Ship Disasters. Haynes Publishing (1997) ISBN 1-85260-565-0
- Heal, Syd. Ugly ducklings: Japan's WWII liberty type standard ship. Naval Institute Press (2003) ISBN 1-59114-888-X
External links edit
- ITN newsclip video image
- First hand accounts of the sinking