Summary
On April 28, 1905,[1][2] William H. Pickering, who had discovered the Saturnian moon Phoebe seven years earlier, announced the discovery of a tenth Saturnian satellite, which he promptly named Themis after the Greek goddess of divine law and order. The thirteen photographic plates on which it supposedly appeared spanned a period between April 17 and July 8, 1904. No other astronomer ever confirmed Pickering's claim.
Pickering attempted to compute an orbit, which showed a fairly high inclination (39.1° to the ecliptic), fairly large eccentricity (0.23) and a semi-major axis (1,457,000 kilometres (905,000 mi)) slightly less than that of Hyperion. The period was supposedly 20.85 days, with prograde motion.
Pickering estimated Themis' diameter at 38 miles[2]: 176 (61 km), based on his assumptions that Themis' albedo was the same as Titan's, and that Titan's diameter was about 2300 miles.[2] Today, Titan's diameter is known to be closer to 3200 miles.[3] The same assumptions led him to a diameter of 42 miles[2]: 176 (68 km) for Phoebe, far less than Phoebe's true diameter of roughly 132 miles[4] (213 km).
In April 1861, Hermann Goldschmidt had also believed that he had discovered a new satellite of Saturn between Titan and Hyperion, which he called Chiron. It does not exist, though the name was used much later for the comet/asteroid 2060 Chiron.
Pickering was awarded the Lalande Prize of the French Academy of Sciences in 1906 for his "discovery of the ninth and tenth satellites of Saturn".
The actual tenth satellite of Saturn (in order of discovery) was Janus, which was discovered in 1966 and confirmed in 1980.[6]
In fiction edit
Philip Latham (pen-name of Robert S. Richardson), in his novel Missing Men of Saturn, has Themis collide with Titan, "getting rid of the little nuisance once and for all", according to the introduction.
John Varley's science fiction novel Titan is set aboard an expedition to Saturn. During the novel, as they approach the planet and prepare to enter orbit, the astronomer onboard discovers a new moon. At first she believes she has recovered Pickering's lost moon, so she names it Themis.
Robert Anton Wilson's Schrödinger's Cat trilogy of novels makes frequent reference to Pickering's Moon as a satellite that revolves the "wrong way" (i. e. retrograde) around its primary. Likewise, the Principia Discordia asks in the novel: "Why does Pickering's Moon go about in reverse orbit?"[7]
Nelson S. Bond, in his 1943 science-fiction story "The Ordeal of Lancelot Biggs," explains that Themis periodically disappears when it is occulted by its own moon, an invisible body with "the peculiar property of being able to warp light waves around itself".
References edit
- ^ Edward Charles Pickering (1905-04-28). "A Tenth Satellite of Saturn". Harvard College Observatory Bulletin (189): 1.
- ^ a b c d William Henry Pickering (1905). "The Ninth and Tenth Satellites of Saturn". Annals of Harvard College Observatory. 53 (9): 173–185.
- ^ "Titan | Saturn's Largest Moon & Its Atmosphere | Britannica". www.britannica.com. 2024-01-13. Retrieved 2024-02-01.
- ^ "Phoebe - NASA Science". science.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2024-02-01.
- ^ William Henry Pickering (1908). "An Investigation of the Orbit of the Tenth Satellite of Saturn". Annals of Harvard College Observatory. 61: 86–94.
- ^ "Janus - NASA Science". science.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2024-02-01.
- ^ Greg Hill; Kerry Wendell Thornley (1975). Principia Discordia (5th ed.). p. 00008.
- Deguy: Le cosmos revue encyclopedique hebdomadaire des progres des sciences et de leurs applications aux arts et a l'industrie, p.421 (1861)
- AnHar 53 (1905) 173
- MNRAS 69 (1909) 215
- Obs 28 (1905) 12:433
- Obs 31 (1908) 8:295
- Obs 32 (1909) 3:79
- PASP 18 (1906) 96