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Thermotoga

Summary

Thermotoga is a genus of the phylum Thermotogota. Members of Thermotoga are hyperthermophilic bacteria whose cell is wrapped in a unique sheath-like outer membrane, called a "toga".

Thermotoga
Outline of a Thermotoga maritima section showing the "toga"
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Bacteria
Phylum: Thermotogota
Class: Thermotogae
Order: Thermotogales
Family: Thermotogaceae
Genus: Thermotoga
Huber et al. 1986
Type species
Thermotoga maritima
Huber et al. 1986
Species[1]

The members of the phylum stain Gram-negative as they possess a thin peptidoglycan in between two lipid bilayers, albeit both peculiar.[2] The peptidoglycan is unusual as the crosslink is not only meso-diaminopimelate as occurs in Pseudomonadota, but D-lysine.[NB 1][3]

The species are anaerobes with varying degrees of oxygen tolerance. They are capable of reducing elemental sulphur (S0) to hydrogen sulphide.[2]

Whether thermophily is an innovation of the lineage or an ancestral trait is unclear and cannot be determined.
The genome of Thermotoga maritima was sequenced in 1999, revealing several genes of archaeal origin, possibly allowing its thermophilic adaptation.[4] The CG (cytosine-guanine) content of T. maritima is 46.2%;[2] most thermophiles in fact have high CG content; this has led to the speculation that CG content may be a non-essential consequence to thermophily and not the driver towards thermophily.[5][6]

Name edit

The paper and the chapter in Bergey's manual were authored by several authors including the microbiologists Karl Stetter and Carl Woese.[2]

The Neo-Latin feminine name "thermotoga" means "the hot outer garment", being a combination of the Greek noun θέρμη (therme, heat)[7] or more correctly the adjective θερμός, ή, όν (thermos, e, on, hot)[8] and the Latin feminine noun toga (the Roman outer garment).[2]

Members and relatives edit

The precise relation of the Thermotogota to other phyla is debated (v. bacterial phyla): several studies have found it to be deep-branching (in Bergey's manual it appeared in fact in "Volume I: The Archaea and the deeply branching and phototrophic Bacteria"),[9] while other have found Firmicutes to be deep-branching with Thermotogota clustering away from the base.

The type species of the genus is T. maritima, first described in 1986.[2] At the time, it was the first species of the phylum to be described. The genus Thermotoga now contains three official species.[1] Recently eight species were transferred out of the genus and most of them ended up within the genus Pseudothermotoga by Bhandari & Gupta 2014. T. subterranea strain SL1 was found in a 70 °C deep continental oil reservoir in the East Paris Basin, France.[10]

Phylogeny edit

The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN)[1] and National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI)[11]

16S rRNA based LTP_01_2022[12][13][14] 120 marker proteins based GTDB 07-RS207[15][16][17]
Thermotoga

T. petrophila Takahata et al. 2001

T. maritima Huber et al. 1986

T. neapolitana Jannasch et al. 1989

Pseudothermotoga

P. thermarum (Windberger et al. 1992) Bhandari & Gupta 2014 (type sp.) [Thermotoga thermarum]

"P. caldifontis" (Mori et al. 2014) Belahbib et al. 2018 [Thermotoga caldifontis]

P. hypogea (Fardeau et al. 1997) Bhandari & Gupta 2014 [Thermotoga hypogea]

"P. profunda" (Mori et al. 2014) Belahbib et al. 2018 [Thermotoga profunda]

P. elfii (Ravot et al. 1995) Bhandari & Gupta 2014 [Thermotoga elfii]

P. lettingae (Balk, Weijma & Stams 2002) Bhandari & Gupta 2014 [Thermotoga lettingae]

P. subterranea (Jeanthon et al. 2000) Bhandari & Gupta 2014 [Thermotoga subterranea]

Fervidobacteriaceae

Thermotoga
Pseudothermotoga

P. elfii

"P. profunda"

P. thermarum

"P. caldifontis"

P. hypogea

Fervidobacteriaceae

Footnotes edit

  1. ^ All proteinogenic amino acids have the L- configuration; in peptidoglycan some amino acids with the D- configuration are present.
    Lysine is synthesised from meso-diaminopimelate by Diaminopimelate decarboxylase

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ a b c J.P. Euzéby. "Thermotoga". List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN). Retrieved 2022-09-09.
  2. ^ a b c d e f Huber, R.; T. A. Langworthy; H. Konig; M. Thomm; C. R. Woese; U. B. Sleytr; K. O. Stetter (1986). "Thermotoga maritima sp. nov. represents a new genus of unique extremely thermophilic eubacteria growing up to 90°C" (PDF). Arch. Microbiol. 144 (4): 324–333. doi:10.1007/BF00409880. S2CID 12709437.
  3. ^ Boniface, A.; Parquet, C.; Arthur, M.; Mengin-Lecreulx, D.; Blanot, D. (2009). "The Elucidation of the Structure of Thermotoga maritima Peptidoglycan Reveals Two Novel Types of Cross-link". Journal of Biological Chemistry. 284 (33): 21856–21862. doi:10.1074/jbc.M109.034363. PMC 2755910. PMID 19542229.
  4. ^ Fraser, C. M.; Clayton, K. E.; Gill, R. A.; Gwinn, S. R.; Dodson, M. L.; Haft, R. J.; Hickey, D. H.; Peterson, E. K.; Nelson, J. D.; Ketchum, W. C.; McDonald, K. A.; Utterback, L.; Malek, T. R.; Linher, J. A.; Garrett, K. D.; Stewart, M. M.; Cotton, A. M.; Pratt, M. D.; Phillips, M. S.; Richardson, C. A.; Heidelberg, D.; Sutton, J.; Fleischmann, G. G.; Eisen, R. D.; White, J. A.; Salzberg, O.; Smith, S. L.; Venter, H. O.; Fraser, J. C. (1999). "Evidence for lateral gene transfer between Archaea and bacteria from genome sequence of Thermotoga maritima". Nature. 399 (6734): 323–329. Bibcode:1999Natur.399..323N. doi:10.1038/20601. PMID 10360571.
  5. ^ Pasamontes, A.; Garcia-Vallve, S. (2006). "Use of a multi-way method to analyze the amino acid composition of a conserved group of orthologous proteins in prokaryotes". BMC Bioinformatics. 7: 257. doi:10.1186/1471-2105-7-257. PMC 1489954. PMID 16709240.
  6. ^ Puigbò, P.; Pasamontes, A.; Garcia-Vallve, S. (2008). "Gaining and losing the thermophilic adaptation in prokaryotes". Trends in Genetics. 24 (1): 10–14. doi:10.1016/j.tig.2007.10.005. PMID 18054113.
  7. ^ θέρμη. Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert; A Greek–English Lexicon at the Perseus Project
  8. ^ θερμός. Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert; A Greek–English Lexicon at the Perseus Project
  9. ^ Boone, David R.; Castenholz, Richard W. (May 18, 2001) [1984(Williams & Wilkins)]. George M. Garrity (ed.). The Archaea and the Deeply Branching and Phototrophic Bacteria. Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). New York: Springer. pp. 721. ISBN 978-0-387-98771-2. British Library no. GBA561951.
  10. ^ Li H, Yang SZ, Mu BZ, Rong ZF, Zhang J (2007). "Molecular phylogenetic diversity of the microbial community associated with a high-temperature petroleum reservoir at an offshore oilfield". FEMS Microbiol Ecol. 60 (1): 74–84. doi:10.1111/j.1574-6941.2006.00266.x. PMID 17286581.
  11. ^ Sayers; et al. "Thermotoga". National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) taxonomy database. Retrieved 2022-09-09.
  12. ^ "The LTP". Retrieved 23 February 2022.
  13. ^ "LTP_all tree in newick format". Retrieved 23 February 2022.
  14. ^ "LTP_01_2022 Release Notes" (PDF). Retrieved 23 February 2022.
  15. ^ "GTDB release 07-RS207". Genome Taxonomy Database. Retrieved 20 June 2022.
  16. ^ "bac120_r207.sp_labels". Genome Taxonomy Database. Retrieved 20 June 2022.
  17. ^ "Taxon History". Genome Taxonomy Database. Retrieved 20 June 2022.

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