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Third Air Force

Summary

The Third Air Force (Air Forces Europe) (3 AF) is a numbered air force of the United States Air Forces in Europe - Air Forces Africa (USAFE-AFAFRICA). Its headquarters is Ramstein Air Base, Germany. It is responsible for all U.S. air forces in Europe and Africa, and operations and support activities in the U.S. European Command and U.S. Africa Command's areas of responsibility. It also has a unique mission as the U.S. military's primary liaison to the British government, which is conducted through the command's 3 AF-UK headquarters at RAF Mildenhall, England.

Third Air Force (Air Forces Europe)
Shield of the Third Air Force
Active1 December 2006 – present (as Third Air Force (Air Forces Europe))
1 May 1951 – 1 November 2005 (as Third Air Force)
26 March 1941 – 1 November 1946 (as Third Air Force)
18 December 1940 – 26 March 1941 (as Southeast Air District)
(c. 78 years)[a][1]
Country United States of America
Branch United States Air Force (18 September 1947 – present)
United States Army ( Army Air Forces, 20 June 1941 – 18 September 1947; Army Air Corps 19 October 1940 – 20 June 1941)
TypeNumbered Air Force
RoleProvides combat-ready air forces for U.S. European Command and U.S. African Command[2]
Part of United States Air Forces in Europe
United States Air Forces Africa
U.S. European Command
U.S. African Command
HeadquartersRamstein Air Base, Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany
Motto(s)Develop - Defend - Deliver
Engagements
World War II – American Theater

Kosovo War – Air Campaign[1]
Decorations
Air Force Outstanding Unit Award
Websitewww.usafe.af.mil/About-Us/3rd-Air-Force/
Commanders
CommanderMaj Gen Paul Moga[3]
Vice CommanderCol Calvin B. Powell
Command ChiefCCM Stephanie A. Cates
Notable
commanders		Lewis H. Brereton
Roscoe C. Wilson
Francis H. Griswold
William D. Dunham
Frank L. Gailer Jr.

One of the four original pre–World War II numbered air forces, it was established on 26 March 1941, at Tampa, Florida with a mission of air defense of the Southeastern United States and Gulf Coast regions. During the war, its primary mission became the organization and training of combat units prior to their deployment to the overseas combat air forces. Several airfields are associated with the Third Air Force.

Units edit

Major operational units under Third Air Force are:[4][5]

History edit

One of the four original numbered air forces, Third Air Force was activated as the Southeast Air District of the GHQ Air Force on 18 December 1940 (which became Air Force Combat Command on 20 June 1941), at MacDill Field, Florida. The District was originally constituted on 19 October 1940, and that same day, the 22nd Pursuit Wing was also constituted. Activated about November 1940 at Savannah, Georgia, the Wing was assigned supervision of the 50th and 53d Pursuit Groups (15 January 1941), but was inactivated in October 1941.[6]

The Southeast Air District was redesignated Third Air Force on 26 March 1941 with a mission for the defense of the Southeast and Gulf of Mexico regions of the United States. It moved to offices in downtown Tampa on 8 January 1941.

MacDill Field was one of two major Army Air Corps bases established in the Tampa Bay area in the buildup prior to World War II. Tampa's Drew Field Municipal Airport, established in 1928 was leased by the Air Corps in 1940. A major expansion of the airport was initiated and Drew Army Airfield was opened in 1941. Two secondary Army Airfields, Brooksville Army Airfield and Hillsborough Army Airfield were built and opened in early 1942 to support the flight operations of MacDill and Drew Fields. The Bonita Springs Auxiliary Field, located near Fort Myers provided an additional emergency landing field for MacDill. All of these airfields came under the jurisdiction of Third Air Force. III Fighter Command, the fighter arm, was headquartered at Drew Field.

Second World War edit

 
Third Air Force region of the United States, Second World War

Third Air Force initially provided air defense for the southeastern United States (1940–1941) and flew antisubmarine patrols along coastal areas of the Atlantic Ocean and Gulf of Mexico after Pearl Harbor. In January 1942, the command was withdrawn by Air Force Combat Command from the Eastern Defense Command and assigned operational training of units, crews, and replacements for medium bombardment, fighter, and reconnaissance operations.

In 1942, the antisubmarine patrols were turned over to the Coast Guard and other agencies and the command was engaged primarily in training replacements for combat units and operational training of units, crews, and individuals for bombardment, fighter, and reconnaissance operations. It received graduates of Army Air Forces Training Command flight schools; navigator training; flexible gunnery schools and various technical schools, organized them into combat groups and squadrons, and provided operational unit training (OTU) and replacement training (RTU) to prepare groups and replacements for deployment overseas to combat theaters. Third Air Force primarily trained B-25 Mitchell and B-26 Marauder medium bomber groups and A-20 Havoc and A-36 Apache light bomber groups. It also trained replacement fighter pilots, initially using P-39 Airacobra and P-40 Warhawks in 1942, later with P-47 Thunderbolts and P-51 Mustangs beginning in 1943 and 1944 as they became available. Third Air Force also provided support to the Army Air Forces School of Applied Tactics in Florida. By 1944, most of the Operational Training of groups ended, with the command concentrating on RTU training using Army Air Force Base Units (AAFBU) as training organizations at the airfields controlled by Third Air Force.

Also by 1944, the majority of the Numbered Air Forces of the AAF were fighting in various parts of the world, such as the Eighth Air Force in Europe and the Twentieth Air Force in the Pacific. They were supported by four numbered air forces located within the United States. On 13 December 1944, First, Second, Third and Fourth Air Force were all placed under the unified command of the Continental Air Forces, the predecessor of the later established Strategic Air Command, Tactical Air Command, and Air Defense Command, which were all established in 1946.

From 1945 and Cold War edit

When the Army Air Forces reorganized in 1946, Tactical Air Command (TAC) was established as one of its three major commands. Third Air Force was reassigned to TAC to control the troop carrier units formerly part of IX Troop Carrier Command. It was headquartered at Greenville Army Air Base, South Carolina. The Curtiss C-46 Commando and Douglas C-47 Skytrain were the primary troop carrier aircraft, but surplus Douglas C-54 Skymasters that had been originally purchased for the Air Transport Command were made available for troop carrier use. Third Air Force was inactivated on 1 November 1946.

TAC's troop carrier mission was reassigned to Ninth Air Force with its return from Europe and reassignment to Greenville AAF, which had been renamed Donaldson Air Force Base in the interim.

In August 1948, in response to the Berlin blockade, the U.S. deployed long-range Boeing B-29 Superfortress strategic bombers to four UK bases in East Anglia. The 3d Air Division was activated to receive, support and operationally control the B-29 units deployed in the United Kingdom. It also provided aircraft maintenance support at RAF Burtonwood for C-54 Skymaster aircraft used in the Berlin Airlift. When the Berlin Airlift ended in 1949, the division participated in the Military Assistance Program in the United Kingdom and began an extensive air base construction program through May 1951.

Briefly elevated to the Major Command level from 3 January 1949 – 21 January 1951, the 3d Air Division controlled large numbers of USAF organizations based in the United Kingdom and supervised a tremendous airfield construction program.

Reactivation from 1951 edit

However, with the advent of the Korean War and the growing Cold War threat of the Soviet Union, the U.S. and UK agreed to an even greater U.S. military presence in the United Kingdom. The resulting growing size and complexity of the American military presence required a larger command and organizational structure that could meet the needs of the increased operations.

 
F-84Gs of the 77th Tactical Fighter Squadron, RAF Wethersfield
 
McDonnell F-4D-28-MC Phantom Serial 65-0738 at RAF Bentwaters, September 1972.
 
Northrop F-5E Tiger II Serials 73-0953, 0956 and 0985 of the 527th TFTAS in formation at RAF Alconbury, 1977
 
A-10A Serial 81-0991 at RAF Bentwaters.
 
F-15C Serial 80-082, 53d Fighter Squadron, Spangdahlem Air Base

The 3d Air Division was discontinued on 1 May 1951, and in its place the USAFE Third Air Force was activated to oversee tactical air operations. Strategic Air Command's 7th Air Division controlled deployed bombardment and reconnaissance forces with Third Air Force providing its logistical support. From its headquarters at RAF South Ruislip near London, Third Air Force carried out that mission basically unchanged through 1966, when the 7th Air Division was inactivated.

The first tactical unit to come to England under Third Air Force was the 81st Fighter-Bomber Wing based at RAF Bentwaters on 6 September 1951. The next assigned unit was the 20th Fighter-Bomber Wing, flying from RAF Wethersfield. These Republic F-84 Thunderjet/Thunderchief and North American F-86 Sabre units worked with Royal Air Force Fighter Command providing air defense for England. In addition, the attached Tactical Air Command 47th Bombardment Wing flew B-45 Tornado and B-66 Destroyer tactical bombers from RAF Sculthorpe and RAF Alconbury.

Initially the 49th Air Division functioned as the intermediate-level command authority for USAFE's wings in the UK, no operational combat groups were attached. The division supervised and participated in numerous training missions such as Quick Shot, Kingpin, and Bear Claw. It was inactivated on 1 July 1956.

During the 1960s, Third Air Force had four to five combat wings and major changes occurred in the types of aircraft deployed in the United Kingdom. North American F-100 Super Sabres, McDonnell F-101 Voodoos, and McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom IIs replaced older fighter aircraft. Boeing KC-135 Stratotankers replaced older refueling aircraft.

In June 1972, daily operational control of tactical units in the United Kingdom was transferred to Headquarters USAFE at Wiesbaden Air Base, West Germany. Third Air Force still retained command of the units, but as a result of the change, the headquarters was reorganized, reduced in personnel strength, and moved to RAF Mildenhall, United Kingdom.

In 1979, NATO ministers decided to deploy BGM-109G Gryphon Ground Launched Cruise and Pershing II IRBM missiles to counter the growing Soviet SS-20 intermediate range ballistic missile threat. RAF Greenham Common and RAF Molesworth were selected as the beddown sites for the GLCM. The 501st Tactical Missile Wing (TMW) was activated at RAF Greenham Common in July 1982 and the 303d Tactical Missile Wing at RAF Molesworth in December 1986. In June 1987, Headquarters USAFE delegated tactical control of Third Air Force units to the Third Air Force commander.

On 15 April 1986, General Dynamics F-111 aircraft based at RAF Lakenheath and RAF Upper Heyford were launched against suspected terrorist targets in Libya, as part of Operation Eldorado Canyon.

With the signing of the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty in December 1987, GLCMs deployed to RAF Molesworth were removed to the U.S. and the 303rd TMW inactivated 30 January 1989. The last GLCMs at RAF Greenham Common were removed in March 1991, and the 501st TMW inactivated 4 June 1991.

When Iraq invaded Kuwait in August 1990, Third Air Force, like many other U.S. military units, received their trial by fire. However, for Third Air Force, the scenario was not similar to any which had been practiced in the past. Operations Desert Shield and Desert Storm were not classic East-West confrontations in Europe that Third Air Force had been trained for. Thousands of miles removed from the Kuwait theater of operations, Third Air Force played a major support role, deploying half its combat aircraft, several thousand vehicles, approximately 50,000 tons of munitions, and many more tons of supplies and material. Third Air Force also provided 2,250 hospital beds by activating three of its contingency hospitals and was ready in the event of a large number of casualties were received.

Structure in 1989 edit

 
A F-111F aircraft from the 493rd Tactical Fighter Squadron takes off from Hahn Air Base for a mission over West Germany during Exercise REFORGER '86.

At the end of the Cold War Third Air Force consisted of the following units:

class=notpageimage|
Third Air Force bases and stations in 1989

Post Cold War edit

The end of the Cold War with the former Soviet Union left in its wake many new military challenges, tensions and emerging conflicts. It also drew attention to the need for American military forces to operate in ways and locations outside the traditional NATO construct. The shift in East-West relations and the increasing focus toward Eastern Europe, the southern region and the Middle East led to a changing of the focus of Third Air Force as well. The U.S. Congress mandated large reductions in the American military budget and American military troop strength based in Europe. From a Cold War high of 450,000 in the late 1980s, American troop strength in Europe was reduced to 100,000 by the mid-1990s.

During the 1990s the USAF restructured itself to meet the emerging needs of the new world order. Several Third Air Force units returned to the U.S., and several more were inactivated. Third Air Force returned many of its bases to the British Ministry of Defence, and scaled down operations at other places.

In March 1996, Headquarters USAFE announced a major reorganization of its numbered air forces. The announcement included news of the inactivation of Seventeenth Air Force at Sembach Air Base Germany, transferring its responsibility for overseeing all U.S. Air Force units north of the Alps to Third Air Force. As a result of the changes, Third Air Force grew substantially, taking on two main operating bases, Ramstein Air Base and Spangdahlem Air Base, both in Germany, and five geographically separated units.

With this 1996 reorganization, Third Air Force was composed of more than 25,000 military people, and more than 35,000 family members. In terms of numbers of aircraft, Third Air Force had more than 200, including KC-135 and F-15 aircraft at bases in England, and A-10, F-16, C-9, C-20, C-21 and C-130E aircraft in Germany.

In addition to a larger area of responsibility, the command reorganization also brought about a subtle change in the mission of the Third Air Force headquarters element. Third Air Force was tasked to take a more active role in the leadership of operational contingencies, and provide trained staff to lead or augment joint and combined task force headquarters elements.

In 1998, Third Air Force provided the headquarters for JTF Eagle Vista, supporting the President's trip to Africa.

In 2005, USAFE once again realigned its numbered air forces. Sixteenth Air Force was aligned as the command's new Warfighting Headquarters. Third Air Force was inactivated on 1 November, ending the unit's prestigious 50-plus year legacy in the UK.

Reactivation 2006 and onwards edit

 
F-16s of the 31st Operations Group, 555th Fighter Squadron, Aviano Air Base, Italy
 
Transient C-130s, similar to those operated by the 86th OG, on the ramp at Ramstein AB, Germany
 
A-10A 81-0976 of the 52nd Operations Group, Spangdahlem AB, Germany

Just over a year after inactivation, Third Air Force was reactivated on 1 December 2006, at Ramstein AB, Germany, as USAFE's Air and Space Operations supporting U.S. European Command. Its new mission was to support the EUCOM commander's strategic objectives across the full range of military operations. When a joint task force is created in EUCOM, the Third Air Force commander is ready to assume the roles of Joint Forces Air Component Commander and Commander Air Force Forces, or lead the JTF as a Joint Force Commander.

Upon the inactivation of the Seventeenth Air Force in 2012, Third Air Force became the numbered air force supporting United States Air Forces Africa.[15]

The Third Air Force also oversees host nation support agreements for all U.S. military forces based in the United Kingdom through the command's 3 AF-UK headquarters at RAF Mildenhall. Through the NATO Partnership for Peace program, the headquarters manages military contact and assistance programs for a number of countries in Eastern Europe. Third Air Force is also responsible for contingency planning and support of American security interests in Africa.

It is composed of more than 25,000 Airmen. Third Air Force is assigned more than 200 aircraft, and provides servicing to thousands of other transient aircraft that visit its bases each year.

Lineage edit

  • Established as Southeast Air District on 19 October 1940
Activated on 18 December 1940
Re-designated: 3 Air Force on 26 March 1941
Re-designated: Third Air Force on 18 September 1942
Inactivated on 1 November 1946
  • Activated and organized on 1 May 1951
Inactivated on 1 November 2005
  • Re-designated Third Air Force (Air Forces Europe) on 29 November 2006
Activated on 1 December 2006.

Assignments edit

  • General Headquarters Air Force
(later, Air Force Combat Command), 18 December 1940
  • Eastern Theater of Operations, 24 December 1941
  • Air Force Combat Command
(later, United States Army Air Forces), 5 January 1942

Stations edit

  • MacDill Field, Florida, 18 December 1940
  • Greenville AAB, 28 March 1946 – 1 November 1946
  • Victoria Park Estate (later, U.S. Air Base, South Ruislip; South Ruislip Air Station), England, 1 May 1951
  • RAF Mildenhall, England, 15 April 1972 – 1 November 2005
  • Ramstein AB, Germany, 1 December 2006 – onwards

Major components edit

Commands

  • 1 Ground Air Support
(later, I Air Support; I Tactical Air Division; III Tactical Air Division; III Reconnaissance Command):12 August 1942 – 21 March 1946
II Air Support (later, II Tactical Air Division): 25 January 1943 – 25 October 1945.
3d Air Force Service (later, 3d Air Force Base): 1 October 1941 – 19 May 1942
3d Air Support: 1 September 1941 – 16 March 1942
3d Bomber (later, III Bomber Command): 5 September 1941 – 21 March 1946
3d Interceptor (later, III Interceptor; III Fighter Command): 17 June 1941 – 21 March 1946
III Ground Air Support (later, III Air Support; III Reconnaissance; III Tactical Air Command): 27 May 1942 – 24 October 1945.

Division

Other components

List of commanders edit

Third Air Force (Air Forces Europe) (2006–present) edit

No. Commander[1][16] Term
Portrait Name Took office Left office Term length
1
 
Bishop, RobertLieutenant General
Robert D. Bishop Jr.		1 December 200622 July 20081 year, 234 days
2
 
Breedlove, PhilipLieutenant General
Philip M. Breedlove		22 July 200824 August 20091 year, 33 days
3
 
Gorenc, FrankLieutenant General
Frank Gorenc		24 August 200930 March 20122 years, 219 days
4
 
Franklin, CraigLieutenant General
Craig A. Franklin		30 March 201231 January 2014[b]1 year, 307 days
-
 
Everhart, CarltonMajor General
Carlton D. Everhart II
Acting		1 February 2014[18]11 June 2014130 days
5
 
Roberson, DarrylLieutenant General
Darryl Roberson		11 June 2014[19]2 July 20151 year, 21 days
6
 
Ray, TimothyLieutenant General
Timothy Ray		2 July 2015[20]21 October 20161 year, 111 days
7
 
Clark, RichardLieutenant General
Richard M. Clark		21 October 2016[21]7 September 20181 year, 321 days
8
 
Wood, JohnMajor General
John M. Wood		7 September 2018[22]24 June 20201 year, 291 days
9
 
Reed, RandallMajor General
Randall Reed		24 June 2020[23]18 May 2022[24]1 year, 328 days
-
 
Gonzales, JohnColonel
John F. Gonzales
Acting		18 May 202222 June 202235 days
10
 
France, DerekMajor General
Derek C. France		22 June 2022[25]3 April 20241 year, 286 days
11
 
Moga, PaulMajor General
Paul D. Moga		3 April 2024Incumbent15 days

References edit

Footnotes

  1. ^ This is the sum of all above periods, not a time span from first activation to this day.
  2. ^ Resigned before end of term.[17]

Citations

  1. ^ a b c d Haulman, Daniel L. (3 April 2019). "Third Air Force (USAFE) Fact Sheet". Air Force Historical Research Agency. Archived from the original on 13 December 2021. Retrieved 14 September 2022.
  2. ^ "3rd Air Force". www.usafe.af.mil.
  3. ^ "Third Air Force welcomes new commander". U.S. Air Forces in Europe - Air Forces Africa. Ramstein Air Base, Germany: HQ USAFE-AFAFRICA Public Affairs. 5 April 2024. Retrieved 6 April 2024.
  4. ^ "Third Air Force". www.usafe.af.mil. Retrieved 10 March 2022.
  5. ^ "406th Air Expeditionary Wing". United States Air Forces in Europe – Air Forces Africa. Archived from the original on 26 June 2023. Retrieved 23 June 2023.
  6. ^ Lieutenant Colonel Steven E. Clay (Ret), US Army Order of Battle 1919–1941, Vol. 3, 1256.
  7. ^ "10 Air Base Wing (USAFA) Fact Sheet". US Air Force Historical Research Agency. Retrieved 1 November 2016.
  8. ^ "20 Fighter Wing (ACC) Fact Sheet". US Air Force Historical Research Agency. Retrieved 1 November 2016.
  9. ^ "48 Fighter Wing (USAFE) Fact Sheet". US Air Force Historical Research Agency. Retrieved 1 November 2016.
  10. ^ "81 Mission Support Group (AETC) Fact Sheet". US Air Force Historical Research Agency. Retrieved 1 November 2016.
  11. ^ "513 Air Control Group (AFRC) Fact Sheet". US Air Force Historical Research Agency. Retrieved 1 November 2016.
  12. ^ "303 Aeronautical Systems Wing (AFMC) Fact Sheet". US Air Force Historical Research Agency. Retrieved 1 November 2016.
  13. ^ "501 Combat Support Wing (USAFE) Fact Sheet". US Air Force Historical Research Agency. Retrieved 1 November 2016.
  14. ^ a b Dragoner, O. W. (September 2013). "United States Air Force 1989" (PDF): 176. Retrieved 1 November 2016. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  15. ^ Fisher, Master Sgt. Jim (1 May 2012). "17th Air Force stands down, AFAFRICA mission carries on". U.S. Air Forces in Europe Public Affairs. Retrieved 7 April 2019.
  16. ^ Padgett, Chad (1 December 2006). "USAFE officials reactivate 3rd Air Force". U.S. Air Force. Ramsteim Air Force Base: U.S. Air Forces in Europe Public Affairs. Retrieved 15 September 2022.
  17. ^ "U.S. general who overturned sex assault conviction to leave military". Reuters. 9 January 2014. Retrieved 14 September 2022.
  18. ^ "Roberson nominated to take command of 3rd Air Force at Ramstein". Stars & Stripes. 16 April 2014. Retrieved 14 September 2022.
  19. ^ Crane, Ryan (11 June 2014). "Gen Roberson assumes command of 3rd AF". U.S. Air Forces in Europe and Air Forces Africa. Retrieved 15 September 2022.
  20. ^ Ott, Lauren (2 July 2015). "Lt. Gen. Ray takes command of 3rd AF". U.S. Air Forces in Europe and Air Forces Africa. Retrieved 15 September 2022.
  21. ^ Pena, Micky (21 October 2016). "Clark takes command of 3rd Air Force". U.S. Air Forces in Europe and Air Forces Africa. Retrieved 15 September 2022.
  22. ^ Waller, Rachel (7 September 2018). "Wood takes command of Third Air Force". RAF Mildenhall. Retrieved 15 September 2022.
  23. ^ "Maj. Gen. Reed Assumes Command of Third Air Force". U.S. Air Forces in Europe and Air Forces Africa. 10 July 2020. Retrieved 15 September 2022.
  24. ^ Conrad, Christian (20 May 2022). "Maj. Gen. Reed says farewell to Third Air Force, looks back on tenure". U.S. Air Forces in Europe and Air Forces Africa. Retrieved 15 September 2022.
  25. ^ Grimaldo, Edgar (22 June 2022). "Third Air Force welcomes new commander, Maj. Gen. France takes reins of USAFE-AFAFRICA's only NAF". Ramstein Air Force Base. Retrieved 14 September 2022.

  This article incorporates public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency

Bibliography edit

  • Fletcher, Harry R. (1989) Air Force Bases Volume II, Active Air Force Bases outside the United States of America on 17 September 1982. Maxwell AFB, Alabama: Office of Air Force History. ISBN 0-912799-53-6
  • Lloyd, Alwyn T. (2000) A Cold War Legacy, A Tribute to Strategic Air Command, 1946–1992, Pictorial Histories Pub ISBN 1-57510-052-5
  • Ravenstein, Charles A. (1984). Air Force Combat Wings Lineage and Honors Histories 1947–1977. Maxwell AFB, Alabama: Office of Air Force History. ISBN 0-912799-12-9.
  • Steijger, Cees (1991), A History of USAFE, Airlife Publishing Limited, ISBN 1-85310-075-7
  • [1] USAAS-USAAC-USAAF-USAF Aircraft Serial Numbers—1908 to Present
  • US Air Force news story on Third Air Force reactivation at archive.today (archived 2012-12-12)

External links edit

  • Third Air Force Factsheet
  • Ruislip Online – large section on this base inc. pictures
  • "Dismissal Of Air Force Officer's Sexual Assault Conviction Raises Questions", All Things Considered, 8 March 2013. Audie Cornish talks to Stars and Stripes reporter Nancy Montgomery about General Craig Franklin's overturning of Lt. Col. James Wilkerson's conviction, dismissal and one-year jail sentence by an Aviano, Italy, court martial. Three US Senators have questioned Franklin's action. Written testimony was given by the Aviano assault victim, amongst other witnesses who addressed the subject, before Congress, per "Sexual Assault Victims: Military's Criminal Justice System Is Broken", All Things Considered, 13 March 2013. The Aviano victim specifically questioned her going through the legal process only to have the conviction overturned by one person. The potential conflict of interest of having judicial and chain-of-command responsibilities overlapping was also addressed in the hearing. See also: Montgomery, Nancy, "Former Aviano IG is found guilty in sexual assault case", Stars and Stripes, 2 November 2012.

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