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Thomas Baty

Summary

Irene Clyde (8 February 1869 – 9 February 1954), Formerly Thomas Baty, was an English writer, lawyer and expert on international law who spent much of her career working for the Imperial Japanese government. Clyde was also an activist for feminism, opposing the concept of a gender binary, and has been described as non-binary, transgender, or as a trans woman, by several modern writers.[1][2][3] In 1909, she published Beatrice the Sixteenth, a utopian science fiction novel, set in a postgender society. She also co-edited Urania, a privately circulated feminist gender studies journal, alongside Eva Gore-Booth, Esther Roper, Dorothy Cornish, and Jessey Wade.

Irene Clyde
Clyde c. 1915–1920
Born(1869-02-08)8 February 1869
Stanwix, Cumberland, England
Died9 February 1954(1954-02-09) (aged 85)
Ichinomiya, Chiba, Japan
Resting placeAoyama Cemetery, Japan
35°39′58″N 139°43′20″E / 35.66605°N 139.72229°E / 35.66605; 139.72229
Education
Occupation(s)Lawyer, writer, activist
AwardsOrder of the Sacred Treasure (third class, 1920; second class, 1936)

Biography edit

Irene Clyde was born 8 February 1869, in Stanwix, Cumberland, England.[4] Her father was a cabinet-maker, who died when Clyde was 7.[5] At school, she was a very gifted student and she was given a scholarship to study at The Queen's College, Oxford. She entered that establishment in 1888, and got her bachelor's degree in jurisprudence in 1892. In June 1901 she received the degree of LL.M. from Trinity College, Cambridge.[6] She got her D.C.L. from Oxford in 1901 and his LL.D. from Cambridge in 1903.[7] Her expertise was in the field of international law. She taught law at Nottingham, Oxford, London and Liverpool Universities. At that time, she became a prolific writer on international law.[7]

In 1909, Clyde published Beatrice the Sixteenth, under the name Irene Clyde. Set in Armeria, it describes a genderless land of people with feminine characteristics who form life partnerships together.[8] In 1916, along with Esther Roper, Eva Gore-Booth, Dorothy Cornish, and Jessey Wade, Baty, again using the name Irene Clyde, founded Urania, a privately circulated journal which expressed her pioneering views on gender and sexuality, opposing the "insistent differentiation" of people into a binary of two genders.[9][1][2] She also wrote under the name Theta.[10]

Following the outbreak of the First World War, Clyde took part in the establishment of the Grotius Society, established in London in 1915. As one of the original members of that society, Clyde got to know Isaburo Yoshida, Second Secretary of the Japanese Embassy in London and an international law scholar from the graduate school of the Tokyo Imperial University. The Japanese government was at that time searching for a foreign legal adviser following the death of Henry Willard Denison, a US citizen who served in that position until his death in 1914. Clyde applied for that position in February 1915. The Japanese government accepted her application, and she came to Tokyo in May 1916 to start work. In 1920, she was awarded the Order of the Sacred Treasure, third class, for service as a legal adviser.[11] She renewed her working contracts with the Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs several times, until in 1928 she became a permanent employee of that ministry. During her work for the Japanese government, Baty developed the notion that China was not worthy of recognition as a state under international law, a view that was later used to justify the Japanese invasion of China.[12] In 1936, she was awarded the Order of the Sacred Treasure, second class.[13]

In 1927, she was part of the Japanese delegation to the Geneva Naval Conference on disarmament. This was her only public appearance as legal adviser to the Japanese government, as the rest of her work involved mainly writing legal opinions. In 1932, following the Japanese invasion of North China and the formation of Manchukuo, Baty defended the Japanese position in the League of Nations and called to accept the new state to league membership. She also wrote legal opinions in defense of the Japanese invasion of China in 1937.[14]

In 1934, as Irene Clyde, Clyde published Eve's Sour Apples, a series of essays in which she attacked sex-based distinctions and marriage.[8]

In July 1941, the Japanese government froze the assets of foreigners residing in Japan or any of its colonial possessions in retaliation for the same move against Japanese assets in the US, but Clyde was exempt from this due to her service for the Japanese government. Clyde decided to remain in Japan even following the outbreak of war between that country and the British Empire in December 1941. She rejected the efforts by the British Embassy to repatriate her, and kept working for the Japanese government even during the war. She defended the Japanese policy of conquest as a remedy to western colonialism in Asia.[12] In late 1944, she questioned the legitimacy of the pro-Allied governments established following the end of the German occupation in Belgium and France.[citation needed]

Following the Japanese surrender in 1945, the British Ministry of Foreign Affairs was considering indicting Clyde for treason, but the Central Liaison Office (a British government agency operating in Japan) provided an opinion stating that Clyde’s involvement with the Japanese government during the war was insignificant. In addition, some legal advisers within the British government shielded Clyde from possible prosecution on the grounds that she was too old to stand trial. Instead, the British government decided to revoke Clyde’s British citizenship and leave her in Japan.[citation needed]

Clyde died of a cerebral haemorrhage in Ichinomiya, Chiba, Japan, on 9 February 1954.[15] The Emperor of Japan sent floral tributes, as did many of the people who knew Clyde. Eulogies were delivered by Prime Minister Shigeru Yoshida, Foreign Minister Katsuo Okazaki, Saburo Yamada (President of the Japanese Society of International Law) and Iyemasa Tokugawa (a former colleague). She was buried in Aoyama Cemetery, Tokyo, alongside her sister and mother.[5]

Legal philosophy edit

Clyde’s legal philosophy evolved as she worked for the Japanese government and was designed to justify Japanese actions of encroaching upon the sovereignty of China. Her main argument was that the recognition of states must depend on one factor alone—effective control by the military and security forces of the government over the state's territory, and not on preconceived definitions of what the state should be. For that reason she opposed the procedure of according de facto recognition, claiming that only final and irrevocable recognition must be used, and accusing the western international community of hypocrisy in using the de facto recognition as a means to allow some transactions with governments of states unfriendly to them without making the definite commitment to accept them fully into the family of nations.[16]

Personal life edit

Clyde never married. Some evidence suggests that she was disillusioned with Victorian sexual norms and disgusted by the then accepted notions of male domination over women.[17] She described herself as a radical feminist and a pacifist.[18] Clyde lived out the principles promoted by Urania which challenged the binary conception of gender, and for this reason is known to be non-binary,[3] transgender, or a trans woman, specifically when discussed in connection with Urania.[1][2]

An important person in her life was her sister Anne-Mary Baty, who went with her to Japan in 1916, and lived with her until Anne's death of paralysis at Nikko on January 22, 1945.[5][19]

Clyde was a strict vegetarian since the age of 19; she was later vice-president of the British Vegetarian Society.[5] She was also a member of the Humanitarian League.[20]

Works edit

Books edit

As Thomas Baty
As Irene Clyde

Articles edit

  • "The Root of the Matter". Macmillan's Magazine. Vol. 88. 1902–1903. pp. 194–198.
  • "The Aëthnic Union". The Freewoman. 1 (14): 278–279. 22 February 1912.
  • "Can an Anarchy be a State?" American Journal of International Law, Vol. 28, No. 3 (Jul., 1934), pp. 444–455
  • "Abuse of Terms: 'Recognition': 'War'" American Journal of International Law, Vol. 30, No. 3 (Jul., 1936), pp. 377–399 (advocating the recognition of Manchukuo)
  • "The 'Private International Law' of Japan" Monumenta Nipponica, Vol. 2, No. 2 (Jul., 1939), pp. 386–408
  • "The Literary Introduction of Japan to Europe" Monumenta Nipponica, Vol. 7, No. 1/2 (1951), pp. 24–39, Vol. 8, No. 1/2 (1952), pp. 15–46, Vol. 9, No. 1/2 (1953), pp. 62–82 and Vol. 10, No. 1/2 (1954), pp. 65–80

References edit

  1. ^ a b c Delap, Lucy (2007). The Feminist Avant-Garde: Transatlantic Encounters of the Early Twentieth Century. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 279. ISBN 978-0-521-87651-3. Archived from the original on 21 March 2022. Retrieved 30 June 2020. the lawyer and transgender activist Thomas Baty, who advertised his 'Aethnic Union' in The Free-woman. This group explicitly rejected sexual differentiation...
  2. ^ a b c DiCenzo, M.; Ryan, Leila; Delap, Lucy, eds. (2010). Feminist Media History: Suffrage, Periodicals and the Public Sphere. Springer. p. 183. ISBN 978-0-230-29907-8. Archived from the original on 8 May 2021. Retrieved 30 June 2020. Thomas Baty, a transgender lawyer and later, publisher of the private journal Urania, wrote to advertise his "Aethnic Union," a society dedicated to sweeping away the "gigantic superstructure of artificial convention" in sexual matters, and resisting the "insistent differentiation" into two genders...
  3. ^ a b Moran, Maeve (16 October 2019). "Unheard Voices: Eva Gore-Booth". Palatinate Online. Archived from the original on 30 June 2020. Retrieved 30 June 2020.
  4. ^ Venn, John (2011). Alumni Cantabrigienses: A Biographical List of All Known Students, Graduates and Holders of Office at the University of Cambridge, from the Earliest Times to 1900. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 190. ISBN 978-1-108-03611-5. Archived from the original on 21 March 2022. Retrieved 4 November 2021.
  5. ^ a b c d Murase, Shinya (1 January 2003). "Thomas Baty in Japan: Seeing Through the Twilight". British Yearbook of International Law. 73 (1): 315–342. doi:10.1093/bybil/73.1.315. ISSN 0068-2691. Archived from the original on 21 March 2022. Retrieved 30 June 2020.
  6. ^ "University intelligence". The Times. No. 36486. London. 20 June 1901. p. 6.
  7. ^ a b Oblas, Peter (1 March 2004). "Naturalist Law and Japan's Legitimization of Empire in Manchuria: Thomas Baty and Japan's Ministry of Foreign Affairs". Diplomacy & Statecraft. 15 (1): 35–55. doi:10.1080/09592290490438051. ISSN 0959-2296. S2CID 154830939. Archived from the original on 3 June 2022. Retrieved 30 June 2020.
  8. ^ a b White, Jenny (18 May 2021). "Jenny White reflects on the legacy of Urania". LSE Review of Books. Archived from the original on 18 May 2021. Retrieved 4 November 2021.
  9. ^ Tiernan, Sonja (2008). McAuliffe, Mary; Tiernan, Sonja (eds.). 'Engagements Dissolved:' Eva Gore-Booth, Urania and the Challenge to Marriage. Vol. 1. Cambridge: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. pp. 128–144. ISBN 978-1-84718-592-1. Archived from the original on 21 March 2022. Retrieved 30 June 2020. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  10. ^ Smith, Judith Ann (2008). Genealogies of desire: "Uranianism", mysticism and science in Britain, 1889-1940 (Thesis). University of British Columbia. doi:10.14288/1.0066742. Archived from the original on 4 July 2020. Retrieved 4 July 2020.
  11. ^ Oblas, Peter (1 March 2004). "Naturalist Law and Japan's Legitimization of Empire in Manchuria: Thomas Baty and Japan's Ministry of Foreign Affairs". Diplomacy & Statecraft. 15 (1): 35–55. doi:10.1080/09592290490438051. ISSN 0959-2296. S2CID 154830939. Archived from the original on 3 June 2022. Retrieved 30 June 2020.
  12. ^ a b Oblas, Peter (December 2005). "Britain's first traitor of the Pacific War: Employment and obsession" (PDF). NZASIA. 7 (2). Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 January 2022. Retrieved 26 February 2022.
  13. ^ Oblas, Peter (December 2005). "Britain's First Traitor of the Pacific War: Employment and Obsession" (PDF). New Zealand Journal of Asian Studies. 7 (2): 109–133. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 July 2011. Retrieved 5 February 2011.
  14. ^ "Timeline of Events in Japan". Facing History and Ourselves. 12 May 2020. Archived from the original on 20 January 2021. Retrieved 29 November 2020.
  15. ^ "British Jurist Baty Dies at 85 in Japan". Honolulu Star-Bulletin. 9 February 1954. Archived from the original on 4 November 2021. Retrieved 4 November 2021.
  16. ^ Baty, Thomas (1936). "Abuse of Terms: 'Recognition': 'War'". The American Journal of International Law. 30 (3): 377–399. doi:10.2307/2191011. ISSN 0002-9300. JSTOR 2191011. S2CID 147428316. Archived from the original on 26 February 2022. Retrieved 26 February 2022.
  17. ^ Oblas, Peter (December 2001). "In Defense of Japan in China: One Man's Quest for the Logic of Sovereignty" (PDF). New Zealand Journal of Asian Studies. 3 (2): 73–90. Archived (PDF) from the original on 31 January 2022. Retrieved 26 February 2022.
  18. ^ Daphne Patai & Angela Ingram, 'Fantasy and Identity: The Double Life of a Victorian Sexual Radical', in Ingram & Patai, eds., Rediscovering Forgotten Radicals: British Women Writers 1889-1939, 1993, pp. 265–304.
  19. ^ "Obituary". Nippon Times. 27 January 1945. p. 3.
  20. ^ Weinbren, Dan (1994). "Against All Cruelty: The Humanitarian League, 1891-1919" (PDF). History Workshop (38): 86–105. ISSN 0309-2984. JSTOR 4289320. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 November 2021. Retrieved 4 November 2021.

Further reading edit

  • Oblas, Peter (31 March 2004). "Accessing British Empire-U.S. Diplomacy from Japan: Friendship, Discourse, Network, and the Manchurian Crisis" (PDF). The Journal of American and Canadian Studies. 21: 27–64. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 August 2011.
  • Lowe, Vaughan (2008). "The Place of Dr. Thomas Baty in the International Law Studies of the 20th Century". SSRN Electronic Journal. doi:10.2139/ssrn.1104235. ISSN 1556-5068.
  • Gilfillan, Ealasaid (14 June 2020). "Thomas Baty". LGBT+ Language and Archives.
  • Gilfillan, Ealasaid (14 June 2020). "Thomas Baty and Gender". LGBT+ Language and Archives.
  • Gilfillan, Ealasaid (19 July 2020). "Reflections on Thomas Baty". LGBT+ Language and Archives.
  • Millea, Alice (15 February 2022). "Thomas Baty, gender critic". Archives and Manuscripts at the Bodleian Library.
  • Murase, Shinya (11 May 2023), Tallgren, Immi (ed.), "Thomas Baty in Japan: Seeing through the Twilight", Portraits of Women in International Law (1 ed.), Oxford University PressOxford, pp. 403–C34N23, doi:10.1093/oso/9780198868453.003.0034, ISBN 978-0-19-886845-3, retrieved 12 January 2024

External links edit

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