Summary
Thorngate's postulate of commensurate complexity,[1] also referred to as Thorngate's impostulate of theoretical simplicity[2] is the description of a phenomenon in social science theorizing. Karl E. Weick maintains that research in the field of social psychology can – at any one time – achieve only two of the three meta-theoretical virtues of "Generality", "Accuracy" and "Simplicity." One of these aspects therefore must always be subordinated to the others.[3] The postulate is named for the Canadian social psychologist Warren Thorngate of the University of Alberta, whose work is quoted by Weick.[3][4]
Thorngate described the problem this way:
'“In order to increase both generality and accuracy, the complexity of our theories must necessarily be increased.”[2]
Background edit
The postulate was a response to the debate among sociologists – mainly between Kenneth J. Gergen[5] and Barry R. Schlenker[6] – revolving around the meaning of sociological research. Whilst Schlenker appeared to maintain the position, that context only superficially influenced social behavior, Gergen appeared to maintain that context penetrated everything in social behavior, rendering observations as specific to the very situation observed. Thus, simplifying the discussion, the observation of social behavior would be no more than collecting historical data, since context would never be the same and the results would remain unique. In fact, sociology would be some specialized kind of historical research.[4] Considering this, Thorngate writes
It is impossible for a theory of social behaviour to be simultaneously general, simple or parsimonious, and accurate.
— Warren Thorngate[4]
The statement was confirmed by Gergen:
The more general a simple theory, the less accurate it will be in predicting specifics.
— Kenneth J. Gergen[7]
Weick's Interpretation edit
Weick represents this model “as a clockface with general at 12:00, accurate at 4:00, and simple at 8:00 to drive home the point that an explanation that satisfies any two characteristics is least able to satisfy the third characteristic.”[2]
According to Weick, research operates in this continuum:
- if research that aims to be accurate and simple (6-o'clock), results would not be generally applicable.
- if research that aims to be general and simple (10-o'clock), results would not be accurate and
- if research that aims to be general and accurate (2-o'clock), results would not be simple any more.
Basically, Weick maintains, that there is a "trade-off" between these three virtues in such a way that only two can be achieved at any given time. Research therefore must operate in different modes to capture reality in sufficient precision and granularity.[8] The postulate therefore becomes descriptive of research and prescriptive of research methodology.
Criticism edit
Though confirming the postulate in general, Fred Dickinson, Carol Blair and Brian L. Ott criticized Weicks use of the word "accurate".[3] Accuracy is hard to achieve, especially if the topic is difficult to qualify, e. g. in researching memory. They suggest replacing the term "accurate" with "interpretive utility".[3]
Sources edit
- ^ Warren Thorngate (1976) "In general“ vs. "it depends“: Some comments on the Gergen-Schlenker debate; Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 2, p. 404-410. quoted in Karl E. Weick (1985) Der Prozeß des Organisierens (Übers. v. Hauck, Gerhard); 4. Aufl. 27. August 2007; suhrkamp Taschenbücher Wissenschaft 1194, Frankfurt; ISBN 978-3-518-28794-1; page 54 ff.
- ^ a b c Karl E. Weick (1999) "Conclusion: Theory Construction as Disciplined Reflexivity: Tradeoffs in the 90s" The Academy of Management Review, Vol. 24, No. 4 (Oct., 1999), pp. 797-806
- ^ a b c d Fred Dickinson, Carol Blair, Brian L. Ott (2010) Places of Public Memory: The Rhetoric of Museums and Memorials; University of Alabama Press, Page 48, Note 104
- ^ a b c Warren Thorngate (1976) "In General" vs. "It depends": Some Comments of the Gergen-Schlenker Debate; Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 2, p. 404-410.
- ^ Kenneth J. Gergen (1973) Social psychology as history; Journal of Personality and Social Psychology; 26; pages 309-320; quoted in Warren Thorngate (1976) "In General" vs. "It depends": Some Comments of the Gergen-Schlenker Debate; Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 2, p. 404-410.
- ^ Barry R. Schlenker (1974) Social Psychology and science; Journal of Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29, Seite 1-15; quoted in Warren Thorngate (1976) "In General" vs. "It depends": Some Comments of the Gergen-Schlenker Debate; Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 2, p. 404-410.
- ^ Kenneth J. Gergen (1976) Social psychology, science and history; Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin; 1976, 2. 373-383 quoted in Warren Thorngate (1976) "In General" vs. "It depends": Some Comments of the Gergen-Schlenker Debate; Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 2, p. 404-410.
- ^ Karl E. Weick (2001): Sources of order in Underorganized Systems: Themes in Recend Organizational Theory. In: Karl E. Weick (Hrsg.): Making Sense of the organization. University of Michigan/ Blackwell Publishing, Malden, MA, ISBN 0-631-22317-7, S. 32–57.