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Timeline of Artsakh history

Summary

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This is a timeline of Artsakh's history, representing territorial control under three columns:

  • Realm
    The highest level of authority.
  • State
    The state or administrative unit that the region of Artsakh belonged to.
  • Artsakh
    Geopolitical entity in Artsakh proper (Mountainous Karabakh).
Timeline of Artsakh history
Starting Date Sovereign State/Region Artsakh Proper
592 BC [1] Iran (Medes) Unknown (Urtekhini?[2])
549 BC Iran (Achaemenid dynasty)[3]
321 BC
189 BC [4]
Armenia (Artaxiad dynasty)[5] Province of Artsakh of the Kingdom of Armenia 189 BC to 387 AD [note 1]
Sophene and Kingdom of Commagene - Tigranes the Great conquered these territories
65 BC [6] Rome (Artaxiad dynasty) Tigranes II of Armenia becomes a client king of Rome
53 BC [7] Persia (Arsacid dynasty) defeats Rome at the Battle of Carrhae Armenia (Artaxiad dynasty) - Artavasdes II becomes king of Armenia.
36 BC Rome Mark Antony begins Parthian campaign[8] Rebellion of King Zober of Albania defeated.
33 BC Rome Armenia (Artaxiad dynasty)
36 Iran (Arsacid dynasty)
47
51 [9] Iberia (Pharnavazid dynasty)
58 Armenia (Arsacid dynasty)
62 Iran (Arsacid dynasty) Parthians under Vologases I invade Armenia, unsuccessfully besiege Romans in Tigranocerta.
63 Rome: Gnaeus Domitius Corbulo invades Armenia and defeats Tiridates I, who accepts Roman sovereignty. Parthia withdraws.
64 Iran (Arsacid dynasty)
114 [10] Rome Roman Armenia Emperor Trajan defeats the Parthians and overruns Armenia
118 Armenia (Arsacid dynasty)
252 Iran (Sassanian dynasty) Armenia (Arsacid dynasty)
287 Rome: Diocletian signs peace treaty with King Bahram II of Persia, installs the pro-Roman Arsacid Tiridates III as king in western Armenia.
363 Persia(Sassanian dynasty: Jovian cedes Corduene and Arzanene to Sassanids. Corduene and Arzanene
Albania (Mihranid dynasty)
376 Armenia (Arsacid dynasty)
387 Iran (Sassanian dynasty)
Albania (Mihranid dynasty) with Sasanian help seizes from Armenia the entire right bank of the river Kura up to the river Araxes includes Artsakh and Utik.[11]
Division of Greater Armenia between Persia and Byzantium
654 Arab Caliphate Albania (Mihranid dynasty),

al-Arminiya

850 Artsakh
884 Armenia (Bagratid dynasty) Artsakh
1045 Artsakh
1063 Seljuk Empire Artsakh
1092 Eldiguzids
1124 Georgia (Bagratid dynasty) Eldiguzids
1201 Armenia (Zakarid dynasty)
1214 [12][13]  Artsakh (Hasan-Jalalyan dynasty)
1236 Mongol Empire
1256 Ilkhanate
1261  Khachen (Hasan-Jalalyan dynasty)
1360 Karabakh
1337 Chobanids
1357 Jalayirids
1375 Kara Koyunlu
1387 Timurid Empire
1409 Kara Koyunlu
1468 Ak Koyunlu
1501  Iran (Safavid dynasty) Province of Karabakh Melikdoms of Karabakh (Khamsa)[note 2]
1583 Ottoman Empire
1603  Iran (Safavid dynasty)
1725
1736  Iran (Afsharid dynasty)
1747 [13] Karabakh Khanate
1751  Iran (Zand dynasty)
1797 Iran (Qajar dynasty)
1805-05 [13][note 3]  Russia (Romanov dynasty)
1822 [13]
1846 Shemakha Governorate[note 4]
1868 [13] Elisabethpol Governorate
1917-11-11 Transcaucasian Commissariat
1918-04-22 Transcaucasia[note 5]
28 May 1918 [13] First Republic of Armenia: Declaration of independence Armenian rebels
1918-06-04 [note 6]
1918-07-27 People's Government of Karabakh
1918-09  Ottoman Empire
1918-10-30 [note 7]  British Empire Mountainous Karabakh was placed under the jurisdiction of  Azerbaijan until the final delimitation agreement would be reached at the Paris Peace Conference.
1919-08-22 [note 8]
1919-08-23 [note 9]
1920-03-04 [note 10]  Azerbaijan
1920-04-09
1920-04-13 [note 11]
1920-04-22 [note 12]
1920-04-28 [note 13]
1920-05-12 [13] Red Army 11th Red Army advances into Armenia on 29 November 1920; transfer of power on 2 December in Yerevan.  Azerbaijan SSR
1920-05-26 The final status of Mountainous Karabakh was still being debated.
Dec. 1, 1920 [note 14]
1921-07-04 [13][note 15]
1922-03-12  Azerbaijan SSR,

 Transcaucasian SFSR

1922-12-30 [13]  Soviet Union
1923-07-07 [13][note 16] Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast
1936-12-05  Azerbaijan SSR
1991 First Nagorno-Karabakh War
1991-04-30 [note 17]
1991-09-02 [note 18]
1991-11-26 [13][note 19]
1994-05-12 [note 20] De facto  Artsakh, de jure  Azerbaijan
2020-09-27 Second Nagorno-Karabakh War
2020-11-10[note 21]

Control over Nagorno-Karabakh is divided between  Azerbaijan and  Artsakh with Russian peacekeeping forces. Final status to be determined.[17]

September 2023 - January 2024

Dissolution of the Republic of Artsakh due to the 2023 Azerbaijani Offensive, followed by a refugee crisis in which nearly the entire population fled to Armenia.

See also edit

Notes edit

  1. ^ The exact date of the establishment of the Province of Artsakh is not known, but is believed to be sometime before 189 BC.
  2. ^ The Hasan-Jalalyan dynasty branches out sometime in the 16th century.
  3. ^ The Russian Empire occupies the lands, but they're formally annexed only in 1813 by the Treaty of Gulistan.
  4. ^ Shemakha Governorate was renamed to Baku Governorate in 1859.
  5. ^ The Transcaucasian Democratic Federal Republic was a multi-national entity established by Armenian, Azerbaijani and Georgian leaders.
  6. ^ Treaty of Batum
  7. ^ Armistice of Mudros
  8. ^ Seventh Assembly of Mountainous Karabakh
  9. ^ British withdrawal.
  10. ^ Eighth Assembly of Mountainous Karabakh
  11. ^ General Dro (Drastamat Kanayan) takes parts of Mountainous Karabakh on behalf of the Republic of Armenia.
  12. ^ Ninth Assembly of Mountainous Karabakh
  13. ^ Azerbaijan is invaded by the Red Army.
  14. ^   Azerbaijan SSR's revolutionary committee declares Mountainous Karabakh to be transferred to   Armenian SSR.
  15. ^ Kavbiuro decides to leave Mountainous-Karabakh within   Azerbaijan SSR.
  16. ^ Declared, and then implemented in November of 1924.
  17. ^ Operation Ring
  18. ^ The Armenians of the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast declare their independence.
  19. ^ Azerbaijan abolishes the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast.
  20. ^ Bishkek Protocol ceasefire.
  21. ^ 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh ceasefire agreement.

References edit

  1. ^ Chahin, M. (2001). The kingdom of Armenia: a history (2nd, rev. ed.). Richmond, Surrey: Curzon. p. 107. ISBN 0700714529. OCLC 46908690. This shows that Urartu was very much in existence [...] down to 594 BC, [...]. It is possible that the last king of Urartu's reigh ended at about the same time or a little earlier. [...] in 590 BC, the Medes marched westwards [towards western Anatolia and Lydia].
  2. ^ Dmitri Sargsyan (arm) Արցախը Ուրարտական դարաշրջանում: Artsakh in the Urartian Era (2010). "ԴՄԻՏՐԻ ՍԱՐԳՍԵԱՆ". Bazmavep. Mekhitar. p. 151. English-language abstract (article in Armenian?)
  3. ^ "Persian Empire: Cyrus the Great". History.com. September 30, 2019.
  4. ^ Levon., Chorbajian (1994). The Caucasian knot: the history & geopolitics of Nagorno-Karabagh. Donabédian, Patrick., Mutafian, Claude. London: Atlantic Highlands, NJ. p. 53. ISBN 1856492877. OCLC 31970952. Certain authors estimate that when King Artashes (189–160 BC) brought about the unification of the Kingdom of Great Armenia, Caucasian tribes, probably Albanians, living in Artsakh and Utik were brought in by force. This thesis is said to be based on Strabo, but, in reality, when he describes the conquests Artashes carried out at the expense of the Medes and Iberians – and not the Albanians – he says nothing of Artsakh and Utik, since these provinces were certainly already a part of Armenia.
  5. ^ J. F. C. Fuller (2018). A Military History of the Western World, Vol. I:: From the Earliest Times to the Battle of Lepanto: Volume 1 of A Military History of the Western World. Valmy Publishing. pp. 613 pages. ISBN 978-1789127485 – via Google Books.isbn 9781789127485
  6. ^ Lee E. Patterson; Eastern Illinois University (2015). "Anthony and Armenia". TAPA. 145 (77). Society for Classical Studies, Johns Hopkins University Press: 105. JSTOR 43830371 – via JSTOR.
  7. ^ Chahin, M. (2001). The kingdom of Armenia: a history (2nd, rev. ed.). Richmond, Surrey: Curzon. p. 212. ISBN 0700714529. OCLC 46908690. The Armenian king, Parthia's ally since the year 53 BC, appeared to submit.
  8. ^ Bivar, A.D.H. (1983). "The Political History of Iran Under the Arsacids". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 3(1): The Seleucid, Parthian and Sasanian Periods. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 21–99. ISBN 0-521-20092-X.
  9. ^ Suny (1994), p. 14.
  10. ^ Theodore Mommsen. The Provinces of the Roman Empire. Chapter IX, p. 68
  11. ^ Chaumont, M. L. (1985). "Albania". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. I, Fasc. 8. pp. 806–810
  12. ^ Hewsen, Robert H. "The Meliks of Eastern Armenia: A Preliminary Study." Revue des Études Arméniennes. NS: IX, 1972, pp. 255-329.
  13. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Thomas., De Waal (2013). Black garden : Armenia and Azerbaijan through peace and war (10th-year anniversary ed., rev. and updated ed.). New York: New York University Press. pp. 329–335. ISBN 9780814770825. OCLC 843880838.
  14. ^ "F-16s Reveal Turkey's Drive to Expand Its Role in the Southern Caucasus". Stratfor. 8 October 2020. Archived from the original on 10 October 2020. Retrieved 11 October 2020. The presence of the Turkish fighter aircraft ... demonstrate[s] direct military involvement by Turkey that goes far beyond already-established support, such as its provision of Syrian fighters and military equipment to Azerbaijani forces.
  15. ^ "Is peace possible between Armenia and Azerbaijan? — RealnoeVremya.com". realnoevremya.com. Retrieved 2021-01-19. ... we, the Turks, are present in Syria, Libya, we scare America, bargain with Russia, and now we are in Karabakh ...
  16. ^ "2020 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Azerbaijan". United States Department of State. Archived from the original on 2021-04-07. Retrieved 2021-04-10. After Azerbaijan, with Turkish support, reestablished control over four surrounding territories controlled by separatists since 1994, …
  17. ^ "Moscow Says Karabakh Status 'Intentionally' Left Out at Talks, Wants to 'Close POW Issue'". Asbarez.com. 2021-01-18. Retrieved 2021-01-19.