^Jörg Matthias Determann (2013). Historiography in Saudi Arabia: Globalization and the State in the Middle East. I.B.Tauris. ISBN 978-0-85772-302-4.
^United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Statistical Office (1987). "Population of capital cities and cities of 100,000 and more inhabitants". 1985 Demographic Yearbook. New York. pp. 247–289.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^"Table 8 - Population of capital cities and cities of 100,000 or more inhabitants", Demographic Yearbook – 2018, United Nations
^World Health Organization (2016), Global Urban Ambient Air Pollution Database, Geneva, archived from the original on 28 March 2014{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^"Medina explosion: Suicide bombing near Saudi holy site", BBC News, 4 July 2016
Bibliographyedit
Published in 19th century
Jedidiah Morse; Richard C. Morse (1823), "Medina", A New Universal Gazetteer (4th ed.), New Haven: S. Converse
Josiah Conder (1830), "Medinah", Arabia, The Modern Traveller, vol. 4, London: J.Duncan
Philip Khuri Hitti (1973). "Medina". Capital Cities of Arab Islam. University of Minnesota Press. p. 33+. ISBN 978-0-8166-0663-4.
Richard Bayley Winder (1984). "Al-Madina". Encyclopedia of Islam. Leiden: Brill. pp. 997–1007.
Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari (1987). The Foundation of the Community: Muhammad At Al-Madina A.D. 622-626/Hijrah-4 A.H. History of al-Tabari. Vol. 7. M. V. McDonald, translator; W. Montgomery Watt, annotator. State University of New York Press. ISBN 0-88706-344-6. (written in 9th/10th century)
Andrew Petersen (1996). "Medina". Dictionary of Islamic Architecture. Routledge. p. 182. ISBN 978-1-134-61365-6.
Noelle Watson, ed. (1996). "Medina". International Dictionary of Historic Places: Middle East and Africa. UK: Routledge. pp. 487+. ISBN 1884964036.
Werner Ende (1997). "The Nakhāwila, a Shite Community in Medina Past and Present". Die Welt des Islams. 37 (3): 263–348. doi:10.1163/1570060972597020. JSTOR 1570656.
Stefano Bianca (2000), "Case Study 1: The Holy Cities of Islam - The Impact of Mass Transportation and Rapid Urban Change", Urban Form in the Arab World, Zurich: ETH Zurich, p. 218+, ISBN 3728119725, 0500282056
John Block Friedman; Kristen Mossler Figg (2000). "Medina". Trade, Travel, and Exploration in the Middle Ages: An Encyclopedia. Routledge. p. 389. ISBN 978-1-135-59094-9.
Published in 21st century
Richard C. Martín (2004). "Holy Cities: Medina". Encyclopedia of Islam & the Muslim World. Granite Hill Publishers. ISBN 978-0-02-865603-8.
Josef W. Meri, ed. (2006). "Medina". Medieval Islamic Civilization. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-96691-7.
Michael R.T. Dumper; Bruce E. Stanley, eds. (2008), "Madinah", Cities of the Middle East and North Africa, Santa Barbara, USA: ABC-CLIO, p. 237+, ISBN 9781576079195
Harry Munt (2014). The Holy City of Medina: Sacred Space in Early Islamic Arabia. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-139-99272-5.