Trigonometric series

Summary

In mathematics, a trigonometric series is an infinite series of the form

where is the variable and and are coefficients. It is an infinite version of a trigonometric polynomial.

A trigonometric series is called the Fourier series of the integrable function if the coefficients have the form:

Examples edit

 
The Fourier series for the identity function suffers from the Gibbs phenomenon near the ends of the periodic interval.

Every Fourier series gives an example of a trigonometric series. Let the function   on   be extended periodically (see sawtooth wave). Then its Fourier coefficients are:

 

Which gives an example of a trigonometric series:

 
 
The trigonometric series sin 2x / log 2 + sin 3x / log 3 + sin 4x / log 4 + ... is not a Fourier series.

The converse is false however, not every trigonometric series is a Fourier series. The series

 

is a trigonometric series which converges for all   but is not a Fourier series.[1] Here   for   and all other coefficients are zero.

Uniqueness of Trigonometric series edit

The uniqueness and the zeros of trigonometric series was an active area of research in 19th century Europe. First, Georg Cantor proved that if a trigonometric series is convergent to a function   on the interval  , which is identically zero, or more generally, is nonzero on at most finitely many points, then the coefficients of the series are all zero.[2]

Later Cantor proved that even if the set S on which   is nonzero is infinite, but the derived set S' of S is finite, then the coefficients are all zero. In fact, he proved a more general result. Let S0 = S and let Sk+1 be the derived set of Sk. If there is a finite number n for which Sn is finite, then all the coefficients are zero. Later, Lebesgue proved that if there is a countably infinite ordinal α such that Sα is finite, then the coefficients of the series are all zero. Cantor's work on the uniqueness problem famously led him to invent transfinite ordinal numbers, which appeared as the subscripts α in Sα .[3]

Notes edit

  1. ^ Hardy, Godfrey Harold; Rogosinski, Werner Wolfgang (1956) [1st ed. 1944]. Fourier Series (3rd ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 4–5.
  2. ^ http://www.math.caltech.edu/papers/uniqueness.pdf[bare URL PDF]
  3. ^ Cooke, Roger (1993), "Uniqueness of trigonometric series and descriptive set theory, 1870–1985", Archive for History of Exact Sciences, 45 (4): 281–334, doi:10.1007/BF01886630, S2CID 122744778.

References edit

  • Bari, Nina Karlovna (1964). A Treatise on Trigonometric Series. Vol. 1. Translated by Mullins, Margaret F. Pergamon.
  • Zygmund, Antoni (1968). Trigonometric Series. Vol. 1 and 2 (2nd, reprinted ed.). Cambridge University Press. MR 0236587.

See also edit