Trilinear interpolation

Summary

Trilinear interpolation is a method of multivariate interpolation on a 3-dimensional regular grid. It approximates the value of a function at an intermediate point within the local axial rectangular prism linearly, using function data on the lattice points. For an arbitrary, unstructured mesh (as used in finite element analysis), other methods of interpolation must be used; if all the mesh elements are tetrahedra (3D simplices), then barycentric coordinates provide a straightforward procedure.

Trilinear interpolation is frequently used in numerical analysis, data analysis, and computer graphics.

Compared to linear and bilinear interpolation edit

Trilinear interpolation is the extension of linear interpolation, which operates in spaces with dimension  , and bilinear interpolation, which operates with dimension  , to dimension  . These interpolation schemes all use polynomials of order 1, giving an accuracy of order 2, and it requires   adjacent pre-defined values surrounding the interpolation point. There are several ways to arrive at trilinear interpolation, which is equivalent to 3-dimensional tensor B-spline interpolation of order 1, and the trilinear interpolation operator is also a tensor product of 3 linear interpolation operators.

Method edit

 
Eight corner points on a cube surrounding the interpolation point C
 
Depiction of 3D interpolation
 
A geometric visualisation of trilinear interpolation. The product of the value at the desired point and the entire volume is equal to the sum of the products of the value at each corner and the partial volume diagonally opposite the corner.

On a periodic and cubic lattice, let  ,  , and   be the differences between each of  ,  ,   and the smaller coordinate related, that is:

 

where   indicates the lattice point below  , and   indicates the lattice point above   and similarly for   and  .

First we interpolate along   (imagine we are "pushing" the face of the cube defined by   to the opposing face, defined by  ), giving:

 

Where   means the function value of   Then we interpolate these values (along  , "pushing" from   to  ), giving:

 

Finally we interpolate these values along   (walking through a line):

 

This gives us a predicted value for the point.

The result of trilinear interpolation is independent of the order of the interpolation steps along the three axes: any other order, for instance along  , then along  , and finally along  , produces the same value.

The above operations can be visualized as follows: First we find the eight corners of a cube that surround our point of interest. These corners have the values  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  .

Next, we perform linear interpolation between   and   to find  ,   and   to find  ,   and   to find  ,   and   to find  .

Now we do interpolation between   and   to find  ,   and   to find  . Finally, we calculate the value   via linear interpolation of   and  

In practice, a trilinear interpolation is identical to two bilinear interpolation combined with a linear interpolation:

 

Alternative algorithm edit

An alternative way to write the solution to the interpolation problem is

 

where the coefficients are found by solving the linear system

 

yielding the result

 

See also edit

External links edit

  • pseudo-code from NASA, describes an iterative inverse trilinear interpolation (given the vertices and the value of C find Xd, Yd and Zd).
  • Paul Bourke, Interpolation methods, 1999. Contains a very clever and simple method to find trilinear interpolation that is based on binary logic and can be extended to any dimension (Tetralinear, Pentalinear, ...).
  • Kenwright, Free-Form Tetrahedron Deformation. International Symposium on Visual Computing. Springer International Publishing, 2015 [1].