Turks first began to land on English shores during the seventeenth century when they had been freed from galley slavery on Spanish ships by English pirates.^[5] Queen Elizabeth I wanted to cultivate good relations with the Ottomans as well as trying to resist the Spanish. Thus, the release of the galley slaves was an instrument of diplomacy.^[5] As a result, Murad III helped to divide the naval force intended for the Spanish Armada. This ultimately led to defeat which potentially saved England from coming under Spanish rule.^[5]

In 1627 there were nearly 40 Muslims living in London.^[6] Although their precise origins cannot be distinguished, it was the Turkish Muslim culture which made a dramatic impression on English society during the seventeenth century with the introduction of coffee houses.^[6] The Turks in London worked as tailors, shoemakers, button makers and even solicitors.^[6] By the early 1650s, an English merchant who had been trading in the Ottoman Levant returned to London with a Turkish servant who introduced the making of Turkish coffee. By 1652 the first coffee house had opened in London and within a decade more than 80 establishments flourished in the city.^[6]

In regards to modern migration, Turkish Cypriots began to migrate to London when Cyprus became a British Colony in 1878. Cypriots who arrived during this period were mainly from rural parts of Cyprus. However, it was during the early 1950s and early 1960s, when the Greek Cypriot nationalist military resistance organisation EOKA was fighting to unite the island of Cyprus with Greece (also referred to as Enosis), that immigration began to significantly increase due to the hostilities on the island this spurned.^[7][8] The inter-communal fighting and subsequent population exchanges culminated in the division of the island which was another significant reason for large numbers of Cypriot immigration.^[9] Many of the early immigrants, both men and women, worked in the clothing industry on arrival to London. It was estimated in 1979 that 60% of Cypriot women (both Turkish and Greek) worked in this industry, many of them doing piecework at home as well as working in factories.^[10]

By the 1970s Turkish Cypriots started to come to London as refugees because of the ongoing war on the island. In July 1974 a coup supported by the then ruling Greek military junta of Greece deposed the Cypriot government and installed its own regime on the island, with Nikos Sampson as the de facto president, before declaring the Hellenic Republic of Cyprus. This eventually led to the Turkish invasion of Cyprus. In 1983, the Turkish Cypriot-held area declared itself the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus with only the support of Turkey. By the 1990s, Turkish Cypriot migration was increasingly motivated by economic hardship due to the embargoes imposed upon Northern Cyprus and a lack of international aid or support.^[11] Finally the post 2004 migration was the result of the Republic of Cyprus' EU accession when thousands of Turkish Cypriots decided to apply for Cypriot nationality.^[12]

Almost 90% of Turks in the United Kingdom live in London.^[13][14] The Turkish community is visible in certain areas of North and North-East London such as Barnet, Enfield, Edmonton, Wood Green, Palmers Green, Islington, Stoke Newington, Haringey, Hackney, and Tottenham. In South London, they live in Elephant and Castle, Lewisham, Southwark, Peckham and Abbey Wood. Smaller settlements include the city of Westminster and Kensington and Chelsea.^[15] The spatially concentrated community is due to the Turkish community preferring to live with Turkish neighbours which has now created notable Turkish enclaves in particular areas of London.^[16]

As of 2019, approximately 600,000 people of Turkish origin are living in London, including 400,000 Turkish Cypriots^[2][3]
[4] and 200,000 Turks.^[2]

There are also growing ethnic Turkish communities which have come to London from other post-Ottoman modern nation-states, especially from the Balkans (i.e. Bulgarian Turks, Western Thracian Turks, Romanian Turks etc.) and the Levant (i.e. Iraqi Turks, Lebanese Turks, Syrian Turks).

In 2008, approximately 600-700 Western Thrace Turks from Greece were living in London, however, this did not include those who are British-born or who have been naturalised.^[17]

Language edit

The Turkish language is the most common language spoken among the "Other White" ethnic group in London.^[18] The first generation of Turks generally have a limited knowledge of English with women tending to be monolingual in Turkish.^[19] The exceptions to this are the first generation that is well-educated with a good command of English. On the other hand, Turkish children born in London are usually English dominant- especially the Turkish Cypriot community. Nonetheless, the Turkish language is taught within the home and through formal Turkish schools. Furthermore, the Turkish language is used in the curriculum of several London public primary schools to help children whose English is poor. At secondary schools it is also offered as a formal examination subject.^[19]

Turkish supplementary schools edit

The oldest Turkish complementary or supplementary schools, which pupils can attend in addition to receiving regular schooling, were established by the Cyprus Turkish Association which organised Turkish language classes as early as 1959.^[20] However, it was in the early 1980s when these schools gained much more popularity amongst the community. These schools are independent schools and are administered by Turkish associations in the UK and the respective Ministries of Education in Turkey and Northern Cyprus. Turkish schools have been set up in many of the London boroughs with the explicit aim to provide the Turkish language and culture to the British-born Turkish community. There are about 25 Turkish schools around London currently teaching around 3,000 children. Most of these schools do not have their own premises and instead hire space at mainstream schools or colleges.^[21] The majority of these schools encourage and prepare students for exams such as GCSE and A-Level qualifications in Turkish.^[22] Turkish schools also focus on maintaining the Turkish culture by providing classes in Turkish music, Turkish Cypriot folk dancing and sports clubs (mainly football clubs).^[20] In 2000, an umbrella organisation called the Turkish Language Education and Culture Consortium was established bringing together 18 Turkish schools in the Greater London area.^[22]

Religion edit

The Turkish Cypriot community were one of the first Muslim communities to be established in London, even before the South Asian Muslims.^[23] During the 1950s a single converted Victorian terrace house was used as a mosque by the community. However, the main objective of the Turkish community was to improve their living conditions rather than promoting Islam. Therefore, the Cyprus Turkish Association ignored religion in its activities as it was viewed as an obstacle to adjusting and integrating in a multicultural environment.^[23] Although only a minority of Turkish Cypriots had any interest in religion, Islamic values were still deeply rooted in the majority of the community's identity. Once the community was firmly settled in London, Turks became aware that although they had maintained their ethnic identity there was a lack of attention to its religious dimension. This resulted in the foundation of the United Kingdom Turkish Islamic Association (UKTIA) Shacklewell Lane Mosque

In 1977 the first Turkish mosque, Shacklewell Lane Mosque, was opened by the Turkish Cypriot business man and politician Ramadan Güney. By 1983 the first Turkish mosque complex, the Azizye Mosque, was established. Turks who had once felt reluctant to attend a ‘non-Turkish’ mosque welcomed the congregation as services were provided in the Turkish language rather than in English or Arabic.^[24]

Other Turkish places of worship includes Aziziye Mosque and Validesultan Mosque in Stoke Newington;Madina Mosque and Suleymaniye Mosque in Hackney; Fatih Mosque in Wood Green; Sultan Selim Mosque in Seven Sisters; and the Edmonton Islamic Centre in Upper Edmonton.

Due to the collapse of the textile industry in London, the majority of the Turkish community decided to pursue self-employment. Restaurants, kebab shops, cafes, supermarkets, minicab offices, off licenses and various other trades have now taken over from the textile trade. There are clearly identifiable areas in which these business premises are based; mainly N16, N17, and E8.^[25][26]

There are a number of media associations in London for the Turkish community, including the newspapers Avrupa Gazete, Londra Gazete, Olay and TV stations such as Euro Genc TV and many other cultural associations and websites.^{[citation needed]}

• Turks in the United Kingdom
• London Turkish Radio
• 16th London Turkish Film Festival
• Islam in London
• Turks in Berlin