Five Ash Down Independent Chapel opened in 1784 in the hamlet of Five Ash Down. Twelve years earlier, Thomas Dicker junior had experienced a religious conversion after attending an open-air service in the nearby town of Uckfield; in 1773 he started holding meetings at his house, and so many worshippers were attracted to these services that his father provided land for a chapel to be built. From the start, the doctrine of the Five Ash Down cause was Independent Calvinistic, in common with many churches founded in Sussex in the 17th and 18th centuries. These churches usually started as small-scale meetings of like-minded people who subscribed to the doctrines of limited atonement, predestination and (to a greater extent in Sussex than elsewhere) the ideals of "16th-century puritanism".^[1] Itinerant preachers were important figures, and leading members of chapels often helped to found new churches in the surrounding area.^[1]

Another group with Calvinistic origins, the Strict and Particular Baptists, shared these views but also adhered to the doctrines of believers' baptism and closed communion, and also differed on other matters of ecclesiastical polity.^[1] During the 18th and 19th centuries, many churches with an Independent Calvinist character were reorganised "without disturbance or disruption" along Strict Baptist lines,^[2] but "secession was [also] commonplace". Many congregations were split by doctrinal disagreement or the appointment of a new pastor with a different interpretation of Calvinism, and new churches were regularly constituted for seceding members.^[3] Of the dozens of Strict Baptist causes established in Sussex over the years,^{[note 1]} the majority had their origins in the type of Independent Calvinism practised at Five Ash Down.^[2]

A year after Five Ash Down Chapel opened, its congregation became divided on the subject of baptism.^[5] Members who held the stricter view that only a confession of faith followed by total immersion baptism could permit membership broke away and formed a separate gathering at Lephams (or Leaphams) Bridge Farm east of Five Ash Down.^{[note 2][6][5]} A Strict Baptist church was constituted at this location on 15 May 1785,^[6] and meetings continued there for just over three years. In 1788, the congregation obtained the lease^[6] in copyhold form^[7] of a piece of land at the north end of Uckfield High Street.^[6] (Uckfield was at the time a large village on the brink of expansion into a market town.)^[8] A permanent chapel, Uckfield Baptist Church, was built; it was opened on 22 February 1789 by Henry Brooker, the founder of Bethel Strict Baptist Chapel, Wivelsfield, Joseph Middleton from a chapel in Lewes and Thomas Dicker—son of the founder of Five Ash Down Chapel.^[6] The new church was served by a resident pastor until 1800 and then through much of the 19th century.^[9]

The future of the church was secured in 1871 when the church gained the right to acquire title to the land. This happened in 1872, and on 5 May of that year the site was put in trust "for the use of Particular Strict Communion Baptists". This also prompted the demolition of the original chapel, which was in a poor state of repair, and its replacement with a large new brick building. This opened on 28 October 1874.^[7]

In the same way that disagreement between Independent and Strict Baptist interpretations of Calvinist doctrine caused many churches to split, it became common in the 19th and early 20th centuries for secessions to occur in Strict Baptist churches if pastors, influential members or groups of worshippers started to adopt views associated with General Baptists. They believed in unlimited atonement and the theological ideas of Arminianism as opposed to Calvinism;^[10] and "affiliation and belief were powerful bonds" in the Calvinist churches of rural Sussex, which could lead to splits even in long-established congregations.^[3] In 1908 a new pastor introduced General Baptist beliefs, and a secession soon took place in 1920: members who wanted to maintain Strict Baptist beliefs left and began to meet at the Foresters Hall in the south of the town.^[7] The building was later registered formally as a place of worship^[11] and is still used as a Strict Baptist chapel aligned with the Gospel Standard movement.^[12]

The 1789 chapel was registered for the solemnisation of marriages on 1 February 1838.^[13] The registration was formally transferred to the new chapel with effect from 24 October 1876,^[14] and was cancelled on 15 June 2005.^[15] Worship at the church ceased in that year,^[16] when the building was sold for residential conversion^[17] and the congregation moved their services to Manor Primary School in Uckfield.^[16] The church is affiliated with Baptists Together (the Baptist Union of Great Britain) and the Evangelical Alliance.^[16] The church's historical records are stored at the East Sussex Record Office at The Keep, Brighton.^[12]

Uckfield Baptist Church was listed at Grade II by English Heritage on 31 December 1982;^[18] this defines it as a "nationally important" building of "special interest".^[19] As of February 2001, it was one of 2,020 Grade II listed buildings, and 2,173 listed buildings of all grades, in the district of Wealden.^[20]

It is a "simple brick chapel"^[17] of a single storey,^[18] mostly of red brick with some darker brickwork at the front, and four evenly spaced round-arched windows on the side elevation alongside the road.^[21] The windows retain their original glazing bars. The roof is tiled.^[18] The gabled front has bargeboards in a curved pattern^[22] with pierced openings,^[21] and the rear elevation is also gabled. Although rebuilt in 1874, well after the heyday of Georgian architecture, it is "still Georgian in character".^[18]

• List of former places of worship in Wealden