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Ultranationalism

Summary

Ultranationalism or extreme nationalism is an extreme form of nationalism in which a country asserts or maintains detrimental hegemony, supremacy, or control over other countries (usually through coercion) to pursue its interests.[1][2] Ultranationalism is an aspect of fascism.[3] Ultranationalist entities have been associated with the engagement of political violence.[4]

Background concepts and broader contextEdit

According to Janusz Bugajski, "in its most extreme or developed forms, ultra-nationalism resembles fascism, marked by a xenophobic disdain of other nations, support for authoritarian political arrangements verging on totalitarianism, and a mythical emphasis on the 'organic unity' between a charismatic leader, an organizationally amorphous movement-type party, and the nation".[5]

British political theorist Roger Griffin has stated that ultranationalism is essentially xenophobic and is known to legitimise itself "through deeply mythicized narratives of past cultural or political periods of historical greatness or of old scores to settle against alleged enemies". It can also draw on "vulgarized forms of physical anthropology, genetics, and eugenics to rationalize ideas of national superiority and destiny, of degeneracy and subhumanness".[6]

Historical movements and analysisEdit

U.S. historian Walter Skya has written in Japan’s Holy War: The Ideology of Radical Shinto Ultranationalism that ultranationalism in Japan drew upon traditional Shinto spiritual beliefs and militaristic attitudes regarding the nation's racial identity. By the early twentieth century, fanaticism arising from this combination of ethnic nationalism and religious nationalism caused opposition to democratic governance and support for Japanese territorial expansion. Skya particularly notes the connection between ultranationalism and violence by citing how, between 1921 and 1936, three serving and two former Prime Ministers of Japan were assassinated.[4]

Israeli political journalist Gideon Levy wrote in late 2015 that the Israeli-Palestinian conflict has lead to a decay in the civil society within Israel, with an ultranationalist movement that "bases its power on incitement to hatred" using "folkloric religion" gaining ground over decades such that:

"They were the only ones willing to fight for a collective goal. They did not rule out any means. They extorted and exploited the weaknesses of government, the guilt feelings and confusion of the secular camp, and they won. They did so systematically and smartly: First they established the foundation of their existence, the settlement enterprise. After they achieved their goal– the killing off of any diplomatic agreement and destruction of the two-state solution– they were free to turn to their next target: taking control of the public debate in Israel on the road to changing its power structure, character and substance."[7]

Ultranationalist political partiesEdit

Currently represented in national legislaturesEdit

The following political parties have been characterised as ultranationalist.

Represented parties with former ultranationalist tendencies or factionsEdit

The following political parties historically had ultranationalist tendencies or factions.

Formerly represented in national legislaturesEdit

Ultranationalist political organizationsEdit

See alsoEdit

ReferencesEdit

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