Underwater construction is industrial construction in an underwater environment. It is a part of the marine construction industry.[1] It can involve the use of a variety of building materials, mainly concrete and steel. There is often, but not necessarily, a significant component of commercial diving involved.[2][3] Some underwater work can be done by divers, but they are limited by depth and site conditions, and it is hazardous work, with expensive risk reduction and mitigation, and a limited range of suitable equipment. Remotely operated underwater vehicles are an alternative for some classes of work, but are also limited and expensive. When reasonably practicable, the bulk of the work is done out of the water, with underwater work restricted to installation, modification and repair, and inspection.
Underwater construction is common in the civil engineering, coastal engineering, energy, and petroleum extraction industries.
Coastal engineering is a branch of civil engineering concerned with the specific demands posed by constructing at or near the coast, as well as the development of the coast itself.
Harbours, docks, breakwaters, jetties, piers, wharfs and similar structures are all immediately adjacent to, or project into coastal waters, and are supported in part by seabed.
Stormwater and sewer outfalls require pipelines to be laid underwater.
Dykes, levees, navigation channels, canals, locks.
The most commonly used materials in marine construction are concrete and steel.[11]
Underwater work by divers on construction sites is generally within the scope of Diving regulations.[12][13] The work may also come within the scope of other occupational heath and safety related regulations.
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