The term "United States" and its initialism "U.S.", used as nouns or as adjectives in English, are common short names for the country. The initialism "USA", a noun, is also common.[24] "United States" and "U.S." are the established terms throughout the U.S. federal government, with prescribed rules.[k] "The States" is an established colloquial shortening of the name, used particularly from abroad;[26] "stateside" is the corresponding adjective or adverb.[27]
"America" is the feminine form of the first word of Americus Vesputius, the Latinized name of Italian explorer Amerigo Vespucci (1454–1512); it was first used as a place name by the German cartographers Martin Waldseemüller and Matthias Ringmann in 1507.[28][l] Vespucci first proposed that the West Indies discovered by Christopher Columbus in 1492 were part of a previously unknown landmass and not among the Indies at the eastern limit of Asia.[29][30][31] In English, the term "America" rarely refers to topics unrelated to the United States, despite the usage of "the Americas" to describe the totality of North and South America.[32]
European exploration, colonization and conflict (1513–1765)
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The colonial possessions of Britain (the Thirteen Colonies in pink and others in purple), France (in blue), and Spain (in orange) in North America, 1750
The Louisiana Purchase of 1803 from France nearly doubled the territory of the United States.[77][78]Lingering issues with Britain remained, leading to the War of 1812, which was fought to a draw.[79][80]Spain ceded Florida and its Gulf Coast territory in 1819.[81] In the late 18th century, American settlers began to expand westward, many with a sense of manifest destiny.[82][83] The Missouri Compromise of 1820, which admitted Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state, attempted to balance the desire of northern states to prevent the expansion of slavery into new territories with that of southern states to extend it there. The compromise further prohibited slavery in all other lands of the Louisiana Purchase north of the 36°30′ parallel.[84] As Americans expanded further into land inhabited by Native Americans, the federal government often applied policies of Indian removal or assimilation.[85][86] The most significant such legislation in U.S. history was the Indian Removal Act of 1830, a key policy of President Andrew Jackson. It culminated in the Trail of Tears (1830–1850), in which an estimated 60,000 Native Americans living east of the Mississippi River were forcibly removed and displaced to lands far to the west, resulting in 13,200 to 16,700 deaths.[87] These and earlier organized displacements prompted a long series of American Indian Wars west of the Mississippi.[88][89]
The United States annexed the Republic of Texas in 1845,[90] and the 1846 Oregon Treaty led to U.S. control of the present-day American Northwest.[91] Dispute with Mexico over Texas led to the Mexican–American War (1846–1848). After the victory of the U.S., Mexico recognized U.S sovereignty over Texas, New Mexico, and California in the 1848 Mexican Cession; the cession's lands also included the future states of Nevada, Colorado and Utah.[82][92] The California gold rush of 1848–1849 spurred a huge migration of white settlers to the Pacific coast, leading to even more confrontations with Native populations. One of the most violent, the California genocide of thousands of Native inhabitants, lasted into the mid-1870s.[93] Additional western territories and states were created.[94]
During the colonial period, slavery had been legal in the American colonies, especially in the agriculture-intensive Southern Colonies from Maryland to Georgia. The practice began to be significantly questioned during the American Revolution.[95] Spurred by an active abolitionist movement that had reemerged in the 1830s, states in the North enacted anti-slavery laws.[96] At the same time, support for slavery had strengthened in Southern states with inventions such as the cotton gin (1793), which had long made the institution profitable for Southern elites.[97][98][99] Throughout the 1850s, this sectional conflict regarding slavery was further inflamed by legislation in Congress and decisions of the Supreme Court: The Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 mandated the return of slaves taking refuge in non-slave states to their owners in the South. The Kansas–Nebraska Act of 1854 effectively gutted the anti-slavery requirements of the Missouri Compromise.[100] Finally, in its Dred Scott decision of 1857, the Supreme Court ruled against a slave brought into non-slave territory and declared the Missouri Compromise to be unconstitutional. These events exacerbated tensions between North and South that would culminate in the American Civil War (1861–1865).[101][102]
The Rocky Mountains, west of the Great Plains, extend north to south across the country, peaking at over 14,000 feet (4,300 m) in Colorado.[185] Farther west are the rocky Great Basin and Chihuahua, Sonoran, and Mojave deserts.[186] In the northwest corner of Arizona, carved by the Colorado River over millions of years, is the Grand Canyon, a steep-sided canyon and popular tourist destination known for its overwhelming visual size and intricate, colorful landscape.
The United States receives more high-impact extreme weather incidents than any other country.[196][197] States bordering the Gulf of Mexico are prone to hurricanes, and most of the world's tornadoes occur in the country, mainly in Tornado Alley.[198] Extreme weather became more frequent in the U.S. in the 21st century, with three times the number of reported heat waves as in the 1960s. In the American Southwest, droughts became more persistent and more severe.[199] The regions considered as the most attractive to the population are the most vulnerable.[200]
The U.S. is one of 17 megadiverse countries containing large numbers of endemic species: about 17,000 species of vascular plants occur in the contiguous United States and Alaska, and over 1,800 species of flowering plants are found in Hawaii, few of which occur on the mainland.[202] The United States is home to 428 mammal species, 784 birds, 311 reptiles, 295 amphibians,[203] and around 91,000 insect species.[204]
Composed of three branches, all headquartered in Washington, D.C., the federal government is the national government of the United States. It is regulated by a strong system of checks and balances.[234]
The U.S. Congress, a bicameral legislature made up of the Senate and the House of Representatives, makes federal law, declares war, approves treaties, has the power of the purse,[235] and has the power of impeachment.[236] The Senate has 100 members (2 from each state), elected for a six-year term. The House of Representatives has 435 members, each elected for a two-year term; all representatives serve one congressional district of equivalent population. Congressional districts are drawn by each state legislature and are contiguous within the state.[237] The Congress also organizes a collection of committees, each of which handles a specific task or duty. One of Congress's foremost non-legislative functions is the power to investigate and oversee the executive branch.[238]Congressional oversight is usually delegated to committees and is facilitated by Congress's subpoena power.[239]
The U.S. president is the head of state, commander-in-chief of the military, chief executive of the federal government, and has the ability to veto legislative bills from the U.S. Congress before they become law. However, presidential vetoes can be overridden by a two-thirds supermajority vote in both chambers of Congress. The president appoints the members of the Cabinet, subject to Senate approval, and names other officials who administer and enforce federal laws through their respective agencies.[240] The president also has clemency power for federal crimes and can issue pardons. Finally, the president has the right to issue expansive "executive orders", subject to judicial review, in a number of policy areas. Candidates for president campaign with a vice-presidential running mate. Both candidates are elected together, or defeated together, in a presidential election. Unlike other votes in American politics, this is technically an indirect election in which the winner will be determined by the U.S. Electoral College. There, votes are officially cast by individual electors selected by their state legislature.[241] In practice, however, each of the 50 states chooses a group of presidential electors who are required to confirm the winner of their state's popular vote. Each state is allocated two electors plus one additional elector for each congressional district, which in effect combines to equal the number of elected officials that state sends to Congress. The District of Columbia, with no representatives or senators, is allocated three electoral votes. Both the president and the vice president serve a four-year term, and the president may be reelected to the office only once, for one additional four-year term.[q]
Residents of the states are represented by their elected state and local governments, which are administrative divisions of the states.[247] States are subdivided into counties or county equivalents, and further divided into municipalities. The District of Columbia is a federal district containing the U.S. capital, Washington, D.C.[248] The federal district is an administrative division of the federal government.[249]
State defense forces (SDFs) are military units that operate under the sole authority of a state government. SDFs are authorized by state and federal law but are under the command of the state's governor.[290][291][292]
They are distinct from the state's National Guard units in that they cannot become federalized entities. A state's National Guard personnel, however, may be federalized under the National Defense Act Amendments of 1933, which created the Guard and provides for the integration of Army National Guard units and personnel into the U.S. Army and (since 1947) the U.S. Air Force.[293]
There is no unified "criminal justice system" in the United States. The American prison system is largely heterogenous, with thousands of relatively independent systems operating across federal, state, local, and tribal levels. In 2024, "these systems hold over 1.9 million people in 1,566 state prisons, 98 federal prisons, 3,116 local jails, 1,323 juvenile correctional facilities, 142 immigration detention facilities, and 80 Indian country jails, as well as in military prisons, civil commitment centers, state psychiatric hospitals, and prisons in the U.S. territories."[298] Despite disparate systems of confinement, four main institutions dominate: federal prisons, state prisons, local jails, and juvenile correctional facilities.[299] Federal prisons are run by the Federal Bureau of Prisons and hold people who have been convicted of federal crimes, including pretrial detainees.[299] State prisons, run by the official department of correction of each state, hold sentenced people serving prison time (usually longer than one year) for felony offenses.[299] Local jails are county or municipal facilities that incarcerate defendants prior to trial; they also hold those serving short sentences (typically under a year).[299] Juvenile correctional facilities are operated by local or state governments and serve as longer-term placements for any minor adjudicated as delinquent and ordered by a judge to be confined.[300]
In January 2023, the United States had the sixth-highest per capita incarceration rate in the world—531 people per 100,000 inhabitants—and the largest prison and jail population in the world, with more than 1.9 million people incarcerated.[298][301][302] An analysis of the World Health Organization Mortality Database from 2010 showed U.S. homicide rates "were 7 times higher than in other high-income countries, driven by a gun homicide rate that was 25 times higher".[303]
Wealth in the United States is highly concentrated; in 2011, the richest 10% of the adult population owned 72% of the country's household wealth, while the bottom 50% owned just 2%.[340]U.S. wealth inequality increased substantially since the late 1980s,[341] and income inequality in the U.S. reached a record high in 2019.[342] By 2024, the country had some of the highest wealth and income inequality among OECD countries.[343] Since the 1970s, there has been a decoupling of U.S. wage gains from worker productivity.[344] In 2016, the top fifth of earners took home more than half of all income,[345] giving the U.S. one of the widest income distributions among OECD countries.[346][344] There were about 771,480 homeless persons in the U.S. in 2024.[347] In 2022, 6.4 million children experienced food insecurity.[348]Feeding America estimates that around one in five, or approximately 13 million, children experience hunger in the U.S. and do not know where they will get their next meal or when.[349] Also in 2022, about 37.9 million people, or 11.5% of the U.S. population, were living in poverty.[350]
In the 21st century, the United States continues to be one of the world's foremost scientific powers,[359] though China has emerged as a major competitor in many fields.[360] The U.S. has the highest total research and development expenditure of any country[361] and ranks ninth as a percentage of GDP.[362] In 2022, the United States was (after China) the country with the second-highest number of published scientific papers.[363] In 2021, the U.S. ranked second (also after China) by the number of patent applications, and third by trademark and industrial design applications (after China and Germany), according to World Intellectual Property Indicators.[364] In 2023 and 2024, the United States ranked third (after Switzerland and Sweden) in the Global Innovation Index.[365][366] The United States is considered to be the leading country in the development of artificial intelligence technology.[367] In 2023, the United States was ranked the second most technologically advanced country in the world (after South Korea) by Global Finance magazine.[368]
The U.S. is the world's largest producer of nuclear power, generating around 30% of the world's nuclear electricity.[385] It also has the highest number of nuclear power reactors of any country.[386] From 2024, the U.S. plans to triple its nuclear power capacity by 2050.[387]
A 2022 study found that 76% of U.S. commuters drive alone and 14% ride a bicycle, including bike owners and users of bike-sharing networks. About 11% use some form of public transportation.[390][391]Public transportation in the United States is well developed in the largest urban areas, notably New York City, Chicago, Boston, Philadelphia, and Portland, Oregon; otherwise, coverage is generally less extensive than in most other developed countries. The U.S. also has many relatively car-dependent localities.[392] Long-distance intercity travel is provided primarily by airlines, but travel by rail is more common along the Northeast Corridor, the only high-speed rail in the U.S. that meets international standards. Amtrak, the country's government-sponsored national passenger rail company, has a relatively sparse network compared to that of Western European countries. Service is concentrated in the Northeast, Illinois, and the West Coast.
The United States has an extensive air transportation network, and the country accounted for just over half of the world's aerospace production in 2016.[395]U.S. civilian airlines are all privately owned. The three largest airlines in the world, by total number of passengers carried, are U.S.-based; American Airlines became the global leader after its 2013 merger with US Airways.[396] Among the busiest 50 airports in the world, 16 are in the United States, as well as five of the top 10.[397] The world's busiest airport by passenger volume is Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International in Atlanta, Georgia.[393][397] In 2022, most of the 19,969 U.S. airports[398] were owned and operated by local government authorities, and there are also some private airports. Some 5,193 are designated as "public use", including for general aviation. The Transportation Security Administration has provided security at most major airports since 2001.
Transportation in Alaska relies more on airplanes, ferries, all-terrain vehicles, and snowmobiles because many settlements are not connected to the contiguous North American road network. Long distances and the requirements of the Jones Act result in higher transportation costs for Hawaii and insular areas from the rest of the United States.
Demographics
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Population
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The 10 most populous U.S. states (2024 estimates)[406]
The U.S. Census Bureau reported 331,449,281 residents on April 1, 2020,[s][407] making the United States the third-most-populous country in the world, after China and India.[180] The Census Bureau's official 2024 population estimate was 340,110,988, an increase of 2.6% since the 2020 census.[13] According to the Bureau's U.S. Population Clock, on July 1, 2024, the U.S. population had a net gain of one person every 16 seconds, or about 5400 people per day.[408] In 2023, 51% of Americans age 15 and over were married, 6% were widowed, 10% were divorced, and 34% had never been married.[409] In 2023, the total fertility rate for the U.S. stood at 1.6 children per woman,[410] and, at 23%, it had the world's highest rate of children living in single-parent households in 2019.[411]
The United States has a diverse population; 37 ancestry groups have more than one million members.[412]White Americans with ancestry from Europe, the Middle East, or North Africa form the largest racial and ethnic group at 57.8% of the United States population.[413][414]Hispanic and Latino Americans form the second-largest group and are 18.7% of the United States population. African Americans constitute the country's third-largest ancestry group and are 12.1% of the total U.S. population.[412] Asian Americans are the country's fourth-largest group, composing 5.9% of the United States population. The country's 3.7 million Native Americans account for about 1%,[412] and some 574 native tribes are recognized by the federal government.[415] In 2022, the median age of the United States population was 38.9 years.[416]
Language
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Most spoken languages in the U.S.
While many languages are spoken in the United States, English is by far the most commonly spoken and written.[417] English was made the official language of the United States by Executive Order 14224 in 2025.[4] However, Congress has never passed a bill to designate English as the official language of all three federal branches. Some laws, such as U.S. naturalization requirements, nonetheless standardize English. Twenty-eight states and the United States Virgin Islands have declared English as the sole official language; 19 states and the District of Columbia have no official language.[418] Three states and four U.S. territories have recognized local or indigenous languages in addition to English: Hawaii (Hawaiian),[419] Alaska (twenty Native languages),[t][420] South Dakota (Sioux),[421] American Samoa (Samoan), Puerto Rico (Spanish), Guam (Chamorro), and the Northern Mariana Islands (Carolinian and Chamorro). In total, 169 Native American languages are spoken in the United States.[422] In Puerto Rico, Spanish is more widely spoken than English.[423]
According to the American Community Survey (2020),[424] some 245.4 million people in the U.S. age five and older spoke only English at home. About 41.2 million spoke Spanish at home, making it the second most commonly used language. Other languages spoken at home by one million people or more include Chinese (3.40 million), Tagalog (1.71 million), Vietnamese (1.52 million), Arabic (1.39 million), French (1.18 million), Korean (1.07 million), and Russian (1.04 million). German, spoken by 1 million people at home in 2010, fell to 857,000 total speakers in 2020.[425]
America's immigrant population is by far the world's largest in absolute terms.[426][427] In 2022, there were 87.7 million immigrants and U.S.-born children of immigrants in the United States, accounting for nearly 27% of the overall U.S. population.[428] In 2017, out of the U.S. foreign-born population, some 45% (20.7 million) were naturalized citizens, 27% (12.3 million) were lawful permanent residents, 6% (2.2 million) were temporary lawful residents, and 23% (10.5 million) were unauthorized immigrants.[429] In 2019, the top countries of origin for immigrants were Mexico (24% of immigrants), India (6%), China (5%), the Philippines (4.5%), and El Salvador (3%).[430] In fiscal year 2022, over one million immigrants (most of whom entered through family reunification) were granted legal residence.[431] In fiscal year 2024 alone, according to the Migration Policy Institute, the United States resettled 100,034 refugees, which "re-cements the United States' role as the top global resettlement destination, far surpassing other major resettlement countries in Europe and Canada".[432]
Religion
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Religious affiliation in the U.S., according to a 2023 Gallup poll:[9]
About 82% of Americans live in urban areas, including suburbs;[180] about half of those reside in cities with populations over 50,000.[445] In 2022, 333 incorporated municipalities had populations over 100,000, nine cities had more than one million residents, and four cities—New York City, Los Angeles, Chicago, and Houston—had populations exceeding two million.[446] Many U.S. metropolitan populations are growing rapidly, particularly in the South and West.[447]
According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), average American life expectancy at birth was 78.4 years in 2023 (75.8 years for men and 81.1 years for women). This was a gain of 0.9 year from 77.5 years in 2022, and the CDC noted that the new average was largely driven by "decreases in mortality due to COVID-19, heart disease, unintentional injuries, cancer and diabetes".[452] Starting in 1998, life expectancy in the U.S. fell behind that of other wealthy industrialized countries, and Americans' "health disadvantage" gap has been increasing ever since.[453]
American primary and secondary education (known in the U.S. as K–12, "kindergarten through 12th grade") is decentralized. School systems are operated by state, territorial, and sometimes municipal governments and regulated by the U.S. Department of Education. In general, children are required to attend school or an approved homeschool from the age of five or six (kindergarten or first grade) until they are 18 years old. This often brings students through the 12th grade, the final year of a U.S. high school, but some states and territories allow them to leave school earlier, at age 16 or 17.[461] The U.S. spends more on education per student than any other country,[462] an average of $18,614 per year per public elementary and secondary school student in 2020–2021.[463] Among Americans age 25 and older, 92.2% graduated from high school, 62.7% attended some college, 37.7% earned a bachelor's degree, and 14.2% earned a graduate degree.[464] The U.S. literacy rate is near-universal.[180][465] The country has the most Nobel Prize winners of any country, with 411 (having won 413 awards).[466][467]
U.S. tertiary or higher education has earned a global reputation. Many of the world's top universities, as listed by various ranking organizations, are in the United States, including 19 of the top 25.[468][469] American higher education is dominated by state university systems, although the country's many private universities and colleges enroll about 20% of all American students. Local community colleges generally offer coursework and degree programs covering the first two years of college study. They often have more open admission policies, shorter academic programs, and lower tuition.[470]
As for public expenditures on higher education, the U.S. spends more per student than the OECD average, and Americans spend more than all nations in combined public and private spending.[471] Colleges and universities directly funded by the federal government do not charge tuition and are limited to military personnel and government employees, including: the U.S. service academies, the Naval Postgraduate School, and military staff colleges. Despite some student loan forgiveness programs in place,[472]student loan debt increased by 102% between 2010 and 2020,[473] and exceeded $1.7 trillion in 2022.[474]
The National Foundation on the Arts and the Humanities is an agency of the United States federal government that was established in 1965 with the purpose to "develop and promote a broadly conceived national policy of support for the humanities and the arts in the United States, and for institutions which preserve the cultural heritage of the United States."[502] It is composed of four sub-agencies:
While modernism generally took on an international character, modernist authors working within the United States more often rooted their work in specific regions, peoples, and cultures.[527] Following the Great Migration to northern cities, African-American and black West Indian authors of the Harlem Renaissance developed an independent tradition of literature that rebuked a history of inequality and celebrated black culture. An important cultural export during the Jazz Age, these writings were a key influence on Négritude, a philosophy emerging in the 1930s among francophone writers of the African diaspora.[528][529] In the 1950s, an ideal of homogeneity led many authors to attempt to write the Great American Novel,[530] while the Beat Generation rejected this conformity, using styles that elevated the impact of the spoken word over mechanics to describe drug use, sexuality, and the failings of society.[531][532] Contemporary literature is more pluralistic than in previous eras, with the closest thing to a unifying feature being a trend toward self-conscious experiments with language.[533] Twelve American laureates have won the Nobel Prize in Literature.[534]
In 2022, the video game market of the United States was the world's largest by revenue.[543] There are 444 publishers, developers, and hardware companies in California alone.[544]
Many movie and television celebrities have gotten their big break working in New York productions. Outside New York City, many cities have professional regional or resident theater companies that produce their own seasons. The biggest-budget theatrical productions are musicals. U.S. theater has an active community theater culture.[548]
Folk art in colonial America grew out of artisanal craftsmanship in communities that allowed commonly trained people to individually express themselves. It was distinct from Europe's tradition of high art, which was less accessible and generally less relevant to early American settlers.[551] Cultural movements in art and craftsmanship in colonial America generally lagged behind those of Western Europe. For example, the prevailing medieval style of woodworking and primitive sculpture became integral to early American folk art, despite the emergence of Renaissance styles in England in the late 16th and early 17th centuries. The new English styles would have been early enough to make a considerable impact on American folk art, but American styles and forms had already been firmly adopted. Not only did styles change slowly in early America, but there was a tendency for rural artisans there to continue their traditional forms longer than their urban counterparts did—and far longer than those in Western Europe.[503]
The Hudson River School was a mid-19th-century movement in the visual arts tradition of European naturalism. The 1913 Armory Show in New York City, an exhibition of European modernist art, shocked the public and transformed the U.S. art scene.[552]
American folk music encompasses numerous music genres, variously known as traditional music, traditional folk music, contemporary folk music, or roots music. Many traditional songs have been sung within the same family or folk group for generations, and sometimes trace back to such origins as the British Isles, mainland Europe, or Africa.[557] The rhythmic and lyrical styles of African-American music in particular have influenced American music.[558]Banjos were brought to America through the slave trade. Minstrel shows incorporating the instrument into their acts led to its increased popularity and widespread production in the 19th century.[559][560] The electric guitar, first invented in the 1930s, and mass-produced by the 1940s, had an enormous influence on popular music, in particular due to the development of rock and roll.[561] The synthesizer, turntablism, and electronic music were also largely developed in the U.S.
The United States has the world's largest apparel market by revenue.[579] Apart from professional business attire, American fashion is eclectic and predominantly informal. Americans' diverse cultural roots are reflected in their clothing; however, sneakers, jeans, T-shirts, and baseball caps are emblematic of American styles.[580] New York, with its fashion week, is considered to be one of the "Big Four" global fashion capitals, along with Paris, Milan, and London. A study demonstrated that general proximity to Manhattan's Garment District has been synonymous with American fashion since its inception in the early 20th century.[581]
The headquarters of many designer labels reside in Manhattan. Labels cater to niche markets, such as preteens. New York Fashion Week is one of the most influential fashion weeks in the world, and occurs twice a year;[582] while the annual Met Gala in Manhattan is commonly known as the fashion world's "biggest night".[583][584]
The industry peaked in what is commonly referred to as the "Golden Age of Hollywood", from the early sound period until the early 1960s,[593] with screen actors such as John Wayne and Marilyn Monroe becoming iconic figures.[594][595] In the 1970s, "New Hollywood", or the "Hollywood Renaissance",[596] was defined by grittier films influenced by French and Italian realist pictures of the post-war period.[597] The 21st century has been marked by the rise of American streaming platforms, which came to rival traditional cinema.[598][599]
Early settlers were introduced by Native Americans to foods such as turkey, sweet potatoes, corn, squash, and maple syrup. Of the most enduring and pervasive examples are variations of the native dish called succotash. Early settlers and later immigrants combined these with foods they were familiar with, such as wheat flour,[600] beef, and milk, to create a distinctive American cuisine.[601][602]New World crops, especially pumpkin, corn, potatoes, and turkey as the main course are part of a shared national menu on Thanksgiving, when many Americans prepare or purchase traditional dishes to celebrate the occasion.[603]
On the collegiate level, earnings for the member institutions exceed $1 billion annually,[633] and college football and basketball attract large audiences, as the NCAA March Madness tournament and the College Football Playoff are some of the most watched national sporting events.[634] In the U.S., the intercollegiate sports level serves as a feeder system for professional sports. This differs greatly from practices in nearly all other countries, where publicly and privately funded sports organizations serve this function.[635]
^See Executive Order 14224.[4][5] States and territories variously recognize English only, English plus one or more local languages, or no language at all. See § Language.
^The historical and informal demonym Yankee has been applied to Americans, New Englanders, or northeasterners since the 18th century.
^ abcAt 3,531,900 sq mi (9,147,590 km2), the United States is the third-largest country in the world by land area, behind Russia and China. By total area (land and water), it is the third-largest, behind Russia and Canada, if its coastal and territorial water areas are included. However, if only its internal waters are included (bays, sounds, rivers, lakes, and the Great Lakes), the U.S. is the fourth-largest, after Russia, Canada, and China.
Coastal/territorial waters included: 3,796,742 sq mi (9,833,517 km2)[19]
Only internal waters included: 3,696,100 sq mi (9,572,900 km2)[20]
^The U.S. Census Bureau's latest official population estimate of 340,110,988 residents (2024) is for the 50 states and the District of Columbia; it excludes the 3.6 million residents of the five major U.S. territories and outlying islands. The Census Bureau also provides a continuously updated but unofficial population clock: www.census.gov/popclock.
^The official U.S. Government Publishing Office Style Manual has prescribed specific usages for "U.S." and "United States" as part of official names. In "formal writing (treaties, Executive orders, proclamations, etc.); congressional bills; legal citations and courtwork; and covers and title pages",[25] "United States" is always used. In a sentence containing the name of another country, "United States" must be used. Otherwise, "U.S." is used preceding a government organization or as an adjective, but "United States" is used as an adjective preceding non-governmental organizations (e.g. United States Steel Corporation).[25]
^A country's total exports are usually understood to be goods and services. Based on this, the U.S. is the world's second-largest exporter, after China.[331] However, if primary income is included, the U.S. is the world's largest exporter.[332]
^An Act To make The Star-Spangled Banner the national anthem of the United States of America (H.R. 14). 71st United States Congress. March 3, 1931.
^ abVivian Ho; Rachel Pannett (March 1, 2025). "A Trump order made English the official language of the U.S. What does that mean?". The Washington Post.
^Luke Broadwater (March 1, 2025). "Trump Signs Order to Designate English as Official Language of the U.S." The New York Times.
^"2020 Census Illuminates Racial and Ethnic Composition of the Country". United States Census. Retrieved August 13, 2021.
^"Race and Ethnicity in the United States: 2010 Census and 2020 Census". United States Census. Retrieved August 13, 2021.
^"A Breakdown of 2020 Census Demographic Data". NPR. August 13, 2021.
^ abStaff (June 8, 2007). "In Depth: Topics A to Z (Religion)". Gallup, Inc. Retrieved July 1, 2024.
^Compton's Pictured Encyclopedia and Fact-index: Ohio. 1963. p. 336.
^ abAreas of the 50 states and the District of Columbia but not Puerto Rico nor other island territories per "State Area Measurements and Internal Point Coordinates". Census.gov. August 2010. Retrieved March 31, 2020. reflect base feature updates made in the MAF/TIGER database through August, 2010.
^ ab"National Population Totals and Components of Change: April 1, 2020 to July 1, 2024". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved December 20, 2024.
^"U.S. Census Bureau Today Delivers State Population Totals for Congressional Apportionment". United States Census. Retrieved April 26, 2021. The 2020 census was held on April 1, 2020.
^ abcdef"World Economic Outlook Database, October 2024 Edition. (United States)". www.imf.org. International Monetary Fund. October 22, 2024. Retrieved October 22, 2024.
^"Income in the United States: 2023". Census.gov. p. 53. Retrieved December 15, 2024.
^"Human Development Report 2025" (PDF). United Nations Development Programme. May 6, 2025. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 6, 2025. Retrieved May 6, 2025.
^"The Difference Between .us vs .com". Cozab. January 3, 2022. Archived from the original on April 16, 2023. Retrieved August 11, 2023.
^Ralph H. Vigil (January 1, 2006). "The Expedition and the Struggle for Justice". In Patricia Kay Galloway (ed.). The Hernando de Soto Expedition: History, Historiography, and "discovery" in the Southeast. U of Nebraska Press. p. 329. ISBN 0-8032-7132-8.
^Charles M. Hudson (January 15, 2018). Knights of Spain, Warriors of the Sun: Hernando de Soto and the South's Ancient Chiefdoms. University of Georgia Pres. ISBN 978-0-8203-5290-9.
^Davis, Frederick T. (1932). "The Record of Ponce de Leon's Discovery of Florida, 1513". The QUARTERLY Periodical of THE FLORIDA HISTORICAL SOCIETY. XI (1): 5–6.
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Wolf, Jessica. "Revealing the history of genocide against California's Native Americans". UCLA Newsroom. Retrieved July 8, 2018.
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Smithers 2012, p. 339: "The genocidal intent of California settlers and government officials was acted out in numerous battles and massacres (and aided by technological advances in weaponry, especially after the Civil War), in the abduction and sexual abuse of Indian women, and in the economic exploitation of Indian child labourers"
Blackhawk 2023, p. 38: "With these works, a near consensus emerged. By most scholarly definitions and consistent with the UN Convention, these scholars all asserted that genocide against at least some Indigenous peoples had occurred in North America following colonisation, perpetuated first by colonial empires and then by independent nation-states"
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