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Voiced bilabial nasal 
Summary
The voiced bilabial nasal is a type of consonantal sound which has been observed to occur in about 96% of spoken languages.[1] The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨m⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is m. The bilabial nasal occurs in English, and it is the sound represented by "m" in map and rum. Very few languages (e.g. Wyandot) are known to lack this sound. A small number of languages have been observed to lack independent nasal phonemes altogether, such as Quileute, Makah, and Central Rotokas.[2]
| Voiced bilabial nasal | |
|---|---|
| m | |
| IPA Number | 114 |
| Audio sample | |
source · help | |
| Encoding | |
| Entity (decimal) | m |
| Unicode (hex) | U+006D |
| X-SAMPA | m |
| Braille |  |
FeaturesEdit
Features of the voiced bilabial nasal:
- Its manner of articulation is occlusive, which means it is produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract. Because the consonant is also nasal, the blocked airflow is redirected through the nose.
- Its place of articulation is bilabial, which means it is articulated with both lips.
- Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
- It is a nasal consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the nose, either exclusively (nasal stops) or in addition to through the mouth.
- Because the sound is not produced with airflow over the tongue, the central–lateral dichotomy does not apply.
- The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and diaphragm, as in most sounds.
VarietiesEdit
| IPA | Description |
|---|---|
| m | plain m |
| mʲ | palatalised |
| mˠ | velarised |
| mˤ | pharyngealized |
OccurrenceEdit
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| !Kung | m | [m] | 'eat' | ||
| Adyghe | мазэ/māză | [maːza] | 'moon' | ||
| Arabic | Standard[3] | مطابخ/maṭābiḫ | [maˈtˤɑːbɪχ] | 'kitchens' | See Arabic phonology |
| Armenian | Eastern[4] | մայր/mayr |  [mɑjɾ] (help·info) |
'mother' | |
| Assyrian | ܡܪܐ/mara | [maːra] | 'owner' | ||
| Basque | maitatu | [majt̪at̪u] | 'to love' | ||
| Bengali | মা/ma | [ma] | 'mother' | See Bengali phonology | |
| Bulgarian | мъгла/măgla | [mɐɡla] | 'fog' | ||
| Catalan[5] | meu | [ˈmeʊ̯] | 'mine' | See Catalan phonology | |
| Cherokee | ᎠᎹ/ama | [ama˦] | 'water' | ||
| Chinese | Cantonese | 猫 / māau | [maːu̯˥] |
'cat' | See Cantonese phonology |
| Mandarin | 猫 / māo | [mɑʊ̯˥] |
See Mandarin phonology | ||
| Chukchi | Mанэгран | [maneɣɻan] | 'tent' | ||
| Chuvash | манăн/manăn | 'my' | |||
| Czech | muž | [mʊʃ] |
'man' | See Czech phonology | |
| Dutch[6] | mond | [mɔnt] |
'mouth' | See Dutch phonology | |
| Dhivehi | mas | [mas̪] | 'fish' | See Dhivehi phonology | |
| English | him | [hɪm] |
'him' | See English phonology | |
| Esperanto | tempo | [ˈtempo] |
'time' | See Esperanto phonology | |
| Filipino | manok | [maˈnok] | 'chicken' | See Filipino phonology | |
| Finnish | minä | [ˈminæ] |
'I' | See Finnish phonology | |
| French[7] | manger | [mɑ̃ʒe] |
'to eat' | See French phonology | |
| Georgian[8] | სამი/sami | [ˈsɑmi] | 'three' | ||
| German | Maus | [maʊ̯s] |
'mouse' | See Standard German phonology | |
| Greek[9] | μάζα / maza | [ˈmaza] |
'clump' | See Modern Greek phonology | |
| Gujarati | મોર / mōr | [moːɾ] | 'male peacock' | See Gujarati phonology | |
| Hawaiian[10] | maka | [maka] | 'eye' | See Hawaiian phonology | |
| Hindi | मधु/madhū | [məd̪ʱuː] | 'honey' | See Hindi-Urdu phonology | |
| Hebrew | אמא/ima | [ˈʔimäʔ] | 'mother' | See Modern Hebrew phonology | |
| Hungarian | ma | [mɒ] |
'today' | See Hungarian phonology | |
| Indonesian[11] | masuk | [ˈmäsʊʔ] | 'enter' | ||
| Italian[12] | mamma | [ˈmamma] |
'mommy' | See Italian phonology | |
| Japanese[13] | 豆 / mame | [mäme̞] | 'bean' | See Japanese phonology | |
| Kabardian | мазэ/mazè | [maːza] | 'moon' | ||
| Kagayanen[14] | manang | [manaŋ] | 'older sister' | ||
| Kazakh | кеме / keme | [keme] | 'ship' | See Kazakh phonology | |
| Khmer | ខ្មែរ / khmêr | [kʰmae] | 'Khmer' | See Khmer phonology | |
| Korean | 마을 / maeul | [mɐɯl] | 'village' | See Korean phonology | |
| Limburgish | moer | [muːʁ] | 'carrot' | Common. Example from the Weert dialect. | |
| Lithuanian | mama | [ˈmɐmɐ] | 'mom' | ||
| Macedonian | мајка/majka | [ˈmajka] | 'mother' | See Macedonian phonology | |
| Malay | malam | [mäläm] | 'night' | ||
| Malayalam[15] | കമ്മി/kammi | [kəmmi] | 'shortage' | ||
| Maltese | ilma | [ilma] | 'water' | ||
| Marathi | मन/man | [mən] | 'mind' | See Marathi phonology | |
| Mutsun | muruṭ | [muɾuʈ] | 'night' | ||
| Nepali | आमा/āmā | [ämä] | 'mother' | See Nepali phonology | |
| Norwegian | mamma | [ˈmɑmːɑ] | 'mom' | See Norwegian phonology | |
| Ojibwe | ᐊᓈᒥᒻ/anaamim | [ənaːˈmɪm] | 'accuse' | See Ojibwe phonology | |
| Odia | ମା/mä | [mä] | 'mother' | ||
| Persian | مادر/mâdar | [mɒdær] | 'mother' | See Persian phonology | |
| Pirahã | baíxi | [ˈmàí̯ʔì] | 'parent' | allophone of /b/ | |
| Polish[16] | masa | [ˈmäsä] |
'mass' | See Polish phonology | |
| Portuguese[17] | mato | [ˈmatu] |
'bush' | See Portuguese phonology | |
| Punjabi | ਮੈਂ/mēm̐ | [mɛ̃ː] | 'I' | ||
| Russian[18] | муж/muzh | [muʂ] |
'husband' | Contrasts with palatalized version. See Russian phonology | |
| Sanskrit | अहम् /aham | [əhəm] | 'I' | See Sanskrit phonology | |
| Serbo-Croatian[19] | мој / moj | [mȏːj] | 'my' | See Serbo-Croatian phonology | |
| Slovak | muž | [mu̞ʂ] | 'man' | ||
| Slovene | miš | [míʃ] | 'mouse' | ||
| Spanish[20] | grumete | [ɡɾuˈme̞te̞] | 'cabin boy' | See Spanish phonology | |
| Swahili | miti | [ˈmiti] | 'trees' | ||
| Swedish | mask | [mask] | 'worm' | See Swedish phonology | |
| Telugu | మబ్బు | [mabːu] | 'cloud' | Occurs as allophone of anuswara when followed by retroflex stops | |
| Thai | มอมแมม / mommaem | [mɔːm.mɛːm] | 'shabby' | See Thai phonology | |
| Toki Pona | mani | [mani] | 'money' | ||
| Tsez | мец/mec | [mɛ̝t͡s] | 'tongue' | ||
| Turkish | benim | [be̞nim] | 'mine' | See Turkish phonology | |
| Ukrainian[21] | молоко/moloko | [mɔɫɔˈkɔ] | 'milk' | See Ukrainian phonology | |
| Urdu | مکان/makān | [məkaːn] | 'house' | See Hindi-Urdu phonology | |
| Uyghur | مەن/men | [mæn] | 'I' | ||
| Uzbek | men | [men] | 'I' | ||
| Vietnamese[22] | muối | [mwojˀ˧˥] | 'salt' | See Vietnamese phonology | |
| Welsh | mam | [mam] |
'mother' | See Welsh phonology | |
| West Frisian | mar | [mar] | 'lake' | See West Frisian phonology | |
| Yi | ꂷ / ma | [ma˧] | 'bamboo' | ||
| Zapotec | Tilquiapan[23] | man | [maŋ] | 'animal' | |
PalatalizedEdit
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bulgarian[24] | мя́сто/mjásto | [mʲa̟sto] | 'place' | Contrasts with /m/. See Bulgarian phonology. | |
| Irish | mé | [mʲeː] | 'I' | Contrasts with /mˠ/. See Irish phonology. | |
| Kildin Saami[25] | ме̄рр/mʹērr | [mʲerː] | 'sea' | Kildin Saami contrasts varieties of bilabial nasals in voicedness, length and palatalization.[25] | |
| Latgalian[26] | miļti | [mʲilʲtʲi][27] | 'flour' | Contrasts with /m/.[26] See Latgalian phonology. | |
| Lithuanian[28] | miglà | [mʲɪɡˈɫa] | 'mist' | Contrasts with /m/. See Lithuanian phonology | |
| Marshallese[29] | emān | [ɛmʲænʲ] | 'four' | Contrasts with /mˠ/.[29] | |
| Nenets | Tundra Nenets[30] | мяˮ/ḿaq | [mʲɑ][31] | 'tent' | Contrasts with /m/.[30] |
| Forest Nenets[30] | |||||
| Russian | медь/medʹ | [mʲetʲ] |
'copper' | Contrasts with /m/. See Russian phonology. | |
| Veps[32] | nem' | [nemʲ] | 'peninsula' | Contrasts with /m/.[32] | |
VelarizedEdit
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gilbertese | mwe[33] | [mˠe] | 'sleep' | Contrasts with /m/ and /mː/. | |
| Irish | má | [mˠɑː] | 'if' | Contrasts with /mʲ/. See Irish phonology. | |
| Marshallese[29] | m̧winam̧ōn | [mˠinʲɑmˠʌnʲ] | 'caterpillar' | Contrasts with /mʲ/.[29] | |
See alsoEdit
NotesEdit
- ^ "Segments - m". PHOIBLE. Retrieved 2022-12-27.
- ^ Ian Maddieson (2009). "Nasals and Nasalization: Revisiting universals". Nasal 2009. Wikidata Q115902630.
- ^ Thelwall (1990:37)
- ^ Dum-Tragut (2009:19)
- ^ Carbonell & Llisterri (1992:53)
- ^ Gussenhoven (1992:45)
- ^ Fougeron & Smith (1993:73)
- ^ Shosted & Chikovani (2006:255)
- ^ Newton (1972:10)
- ^ Ladefoged (2005:139)
- ^ Soderberg & Olson (2008:210)
- ^ Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004:117)
- ^ Okada (1999:117)
- ^ Olson et al. (2010:206–207)
- ^ Ladefoged (2005:165)
- ^ Jassem (2003:103)
- ^ Cruz-Ferreira (1995:91)
- ^ Padgett (2003:42)
- ^ Landau et al. (1999), p. 67.
- ^ Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003:255)
- ^ Danyenko & Vakulenko (1995), p. 4.
- ^ Thompson (1959:458–461)
- ^ Merrill (2008:108)
- ^ Klagstad (1958:48)
- ^ a b Rießler (2022:222)
- ^ a b Nau (2011:12)
- ^ Nau (2011:14)
- ^ Pakerys (1995:?)
- ^ a b c d Choi (1992:14)
- ^ a b c Burkova (2022:680)
- ^ Burkova (2022:681)
- ^ a b Grünthal (2022:294)
- ^ Stephen & Groves (1978)
ReferencesEdit
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- Carbonell, Joan F.; Llisterri, Joaquim (1992), "Catalan", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 22 (1–2): 53–56, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004618, S2CID 249411809
- Choi, John (1992). "Phonetic Underspecification and Target Interpolation: An Acoustic Study of Marshallese Vowel Allophony". Working Papers in Phonetics. Los Angeles: UCLA. 82. Retrieved April 23, 2022.
- Dum-Tragut, Jasmine (2009), Armenian: Modern Eastern Armenian, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company
- Cruz-Ferreira, Madalena (1995), "European Portuguese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 25 (2): 90–94, doi:10.1017/S0025100300005223, S2CID 249414876
- Danyenko, Andrii; Vakulenko, Serhii (1995), Ukrainian, Lincom Europa, ISBN 978-3-929075-08-3
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