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Voiced labiodental approximant

Summary

The voiced labiodental approximant is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. It is something between an English /w/ and /v/, pronounced with the teeth and lips held in the position used to articulate the letter V. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ʋ⟩, a letter v with a leftward hook protruding from the upper right of the letter, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is P or v\. With an advanced diacritic, ⟨ʋ̟⟩, this letter also indicates a bilabial approximant, though the diacritic is frequently omitted because no contrast is likely.[1][2][failed verification]

Voiced labiodental approximant
ʋ
IPA number150
Audio sample
source · help
Encoding
Entity (decimal)ʋ
Unicode (hex)U+028B
X-SAMPAP or v\
Braille⠦ (braille pattern dots-236)⠧ (braille pattern dots-1236)

The labiodental approximant is the typical realization of /v/ in the Indian South African variety of English. As the voiceless /f/ is also realized as an approximant ([ʋ̥]), it is also an example of a language contrasting voiceless and voiced labiodental approximants.[3]

Features

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Features of the voiced labiodental approximant:

Occurrence

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Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Äiwoo nyiveli [ɲiʋeli] 'garden land'[4]
Armenian Eastern[5] ոսկի [ʋɔski] 'gold'
Assyrian ܗܘܐ / hawa [hɑːʋɑ] 'wind' Predominant in the Urmia dialects. For some speakers, [v] is used. Corresponds to [w] in the other varieties.
Catalan Balearic fava [ˈfɑʋɐ] 'bean' Allophone of /v/.[6] See Catalan phonology
Valencian[6]
Chinese Mandarin 為

为 / wèi

[we̞i]

[ʋêi]

'for' Prevalent in northern dialects. Corresponds to /w/ in other varieties.
Chuvash аван [aʋ'an] 'good, well' Corresponds to /w/ in other varieties.
Dhivehi ވަޅު / valhu [ʋaɭu] 'well' (noun)
Danish Standard[7] véd [ʋe̝ːˀð̠˕ˠ] 'know(s)' Also described as a short plosive [b̪̆]; rarely realized as a fricative [v] instead.[8] See Danish phonology
Dutch Standard wang [ʋɑŋ] 'cheek' In southern dialects of the Netherlands realised as bilabial [β̞]. See Dutch phonology
English Indian[3] vine [ʋaɪ̯n] 'vine' Corresponds to a fricative [v] in other accents.
Some speakers rine 'rine' Mostly idiosyncratic but somewhat dialectal[9] (especially in London and South East England). See English phonology and R-labialization
Faroese[10] røða [ˈɹøːʋa] 'speech' Word-initial and intervocalic allophone of /v/. In the first case, it is in a free variation with a fricative [v].[10] See Faroese phonology
Finnish vauva [ˈʋɑu̯ʋɑ] 'baby' See Finnish phonology
German Swiss was [ʋas] 'what' Corresponds to /v/ in Standard German[11]
Guaraní avañe'ẽ [ʔãʋ̃ãɲẽˈʔẽ] 'Guaraní language' Contrasts with /w/ and /ɰ/
Hawaiian wikiwiki [ʋikiʋiki] 'fast' May also be realized as [w] or [v]. See Hawaiian phonology
Hindustani Hindi वाला [ʋɑːlɑː] (the) 'one' Also an allophone of /v/ and /w/. See Hindustani phonology.
Urdu والا
Italian Some speakers[12] raro [ˈʋäːʋo] 'rare' Rendition alternative to the standard Italian alveolar trill [r], due to individual orthoepic defects and/or regional variations that make the alternative sound more prevalent, notably in South Tyrol (among the Italian-speaking minority), Val d'Aosta (bordering with France) and in parts of the Parma province, more markedly around Fidenza. Other alternative sounds may be a uvular trill [ʀ] or a voiced uvular fricative [ʁ].[12] See Italian phonology.
Lao ວີ / wi [ʋíː] 'hand fan' May also be realized as [w]. See Lao phonology.
Khmer អាវុធ / avŭth [ʔɑːʋut] 'weapon' See Khmer phonology
Marathi वजन [ʋə(d)zən] 'weight' See Marathi phonology
Miyako[13] [ʋ̩tɑ] 'thick' May be syllabic.
Norwegian Urban East[14][15] venn [ʋe̞nː] 'friend' Sometimes realized as a fricative [v].[15][16] See Norwegian phonology
Nsenga ŵanthu [ʋaⁿtʰu] 'people'
Punjabi Gurmukhi ਵਾਲ [ʋäːl] 'hair' Also an allophone of /v/ and /w/.
Shahmukhi وال
Russian[17] волосы [ˈʋʷo̞ɫ̪əsˠɘ] 'hair' Common realization of /v/; contrasts with palatalized form.[17] See Russian phonology
Serbo-Croatian цврчак / cvrčak [t͡sʋř̩ːt͡ʃak] 'cricket' /v/ is a phonetic fricative, although it has less frication than /f/. However, it does not interact with unvoiced consonants in clusters as a fricative would, and so is considered to be phonologically a sonorant (approximant).[18][19]
Shona vanhu [ʋan̤u] 'people' Contrasts with /v/ and /w/.
Sinhala වතුර [ʋat̪urə] 'water'
Slovak[20] voda [ˈʋo̞dä]ⓘ 'water' Usual realization of /v/.[20] See Slovak phonology
Slovene[21] veter [ˈʋéːt̪ə̀ɾ] 'wind' Also described as fricative [v].[22][23] See Slovene phonology
Spanish[24] Chilean hablar [äʋˈläɾ] 'to speak' Allophone of /b/. See Spanish phonology
Swedish Some speakers vän [ʋɛːn] 'friend' See Swedish phonology
Tamil வாய் [ʋɑj] 'mouth' See Tamil phonology
Telugu వల [ʋala] 'net'
Ukrainian[25] він [ʋin] 'he' Possible prevocalic realization of /w/, most commonly before /i/.[25] See Ukrainian phonology
West Frisian wêr [ʋɛːr] 'where' See West Frisian phonology

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Ladefoged, Peter (1968). A Phonetic Study of West African Languages: An Auditory-instrumental Survey (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 26. ISBN 9780521069632.
  2. ^ Mathangwane, Joyce Thambole Mogatse (1996). Phonetics and Phonology of Ikalanga: A Diachronic and Synchronic Study (Thesis). Berkeley: University of California. p. 79.
  3. ^ a b Mesthrie (2004:960)
  4. ^ Næss, Åshild (2017). A short dictionary of Äiwoo. Asia-Pacific Linguistics. Vol. A-PL 35. Canberra. hdl:1885/112469. ISBN 978-1-922185-37-2. OCLC 970690673.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  5. ^ Dum-Tragut (2009:20)
  6. ^ a b Saborit Vilar (2009:52)
  7. ^ Basbøll (2005:62)
  8. ^ Basbøll (2005:27 and 66)
  9. ^ Foulkes & Docherty (1999:?)
  10. ^ a b Árnason (2011:115)
  11. ^ Schmid, Stephan (2010). "Segmental features of Swiss German ethnolects". In Calamai, Silvia; Celata, Chiara; Ciucci, Luca (eds.). Proceedings of the Workshop "Sociophonetics, at the crossroads of speech variation, processing and communication". Edizioni della Normale. pp. 69–72. ISBN 978-88-7642-434-2. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 27 April 2015.
  12. ^ a b Canepari (1999), pp. 98–101.
  13. ^ Pellard, Thomas (19 January 2009). Why it is important to study the Ryukyuan languages: The example of Õgami Ryukyuan (PDF) (Speech). Oxford. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 October 2015.
  14. ^ Kristoffersen (2000:22 and 25)
  15. ^ a b Vanvik (1979:41)
  16. ^ Kristoffersen (2000:74)
  17. ^ a b Yanushevskaya & Bunčić (2015:223)
  18. ^ Morén (2005:5–6)
  19. ^ Brown, Wayles; Alt, Theresa (2004). "A Handbook of Bosnian, Serbian and Croatian". SEELRC. Duke University.
  20. ^ a b Hanulíková & Hamann (2010:374)
  21. ^ Šuštaršič, Komar & Petek (1999:136)
  22. ^ Priestley (2002:394)
  23. ^ Greenberg (2006:18)
  24. ^ Sadowsky, Scott (2010). "El alófono labiodental sonoro [v] del fonema /b/ en el castellano de Concepción (Chile): Una investigación exploratoria" (PDF). Estudios de Fonética Experimental. XIX: 231–261. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 April 2018.
  25. ^ a b Žovtobrjux & Kulyk (1965:121–122)

Bibliography

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  • Árnason, Kristján (2011). The Phonology of Icelandic and Faroese. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0199229314.
  • Basbøll, Hans (2005), The Phonology of Danish, Taylor & Francis, ISBN 0-203-97876-5
  • Dum-Tragut, Jasmine (2009), Armenian: Modern Eastern Armenian, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company
  • Foulkes, Paul; Docherty, Gerard J., eds. (1999), Urban Voices, Arnold
  • Greenberg, Mark L. (2006), A Short Reference Grammar of Standard Slovene, Kansas: University of Kansas
  • Hanulíková, Adriana; Hamann, Silke (2010). "Slovak" (PDF). Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 40 (3): 373–378. doi:10.1017/S0025100310000162.
  • Kristoffersen, Gjert (2000). The Phonology of Norwegian. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-823765-5.
  • Mesthrie, Rajend (2004). "Indian South African English: phonology". In Schneider, Edgar W.; Burridge, Kate; Kortmann, Bernd; Mesthrie, Rajend; Upton, Clive (eds.). A handbook of varieties of English. Vol. 1: Phonology. Mouton de Gruyter. pp. 953–963. ISBN 3-11-017532-0.
  • Morén, Bruce (2005), Consonant-Vowel Interactions in Serbian: Features, Representations and Constraint Interactions (PDF), Center for Advanced Study of Theoretical Linguistics, Tromsø, archived from the original (PDF) on 4 May 2015
  • Priestley, T.M.S. (2002). "Slovene". In Comrie, Bernard; Corbett, Greville. G. (eds.). The Slavonic Languages. London: Routledge. pp. 388–451. ISBN 0-415-28078-8.
  • Saborit Vilar, Josep (2009), Millorem la pronúncia, Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua
  • Šuštaršič, Rastislav; Komar, Smiljana; Petek, Bojan (1999). "Slovene". Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 135–139. doi:10.1017/S0025100300004874. ISBN 0-521-65236-7. S2CID 249404451.
  • Vanvik, Arne (1979), Norsk fonetikk, Oslo: Universitetet i Oslo, ISBN 82-990584-0-6
  • Yanushevskaya, Irena; Bunčić, Daniel (2015). "Russian" (PDF). Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 45 (2): 221–228. doi:10.1017/S0025100314000395.
  • Žovtobrjux, M.A.; Kulyk, B.M. (1965), Kurs sučasnoji ukrajins'koji literaturnoji movy. Častyna I., Kiev: Radjans’ka škola
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  • List of languages with [ʋ] on PHOIBLE

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