Schultze was born on 1 January 1894 in Hersbruck in the German Empire. Schultze was an aviator in the First World War. Thereafter he served in the Freikorps under the command of Franz Ritter von Epp. Schultze had been involved in the Nazi Party since its founding in 1919.^[1] He was involved in the Munich Beer Hall Putsch in 1923, organising the getaway car.^[1] He was appointed head SA doctor in 1923. Later, Schultze moved into politics, serving as a deputy of the Bavarian parliament between 1926 and 1931. In November 1933, Schultze became Director of the Bavarian Ministry of Justice and head of the Public Health Department of the Ministry of the Interior.^[1]

Two years later, Schultze began the role for which he was best known, as Reich Leader of University Teachers.^[1] During his tenure, Schultze played a key part in implementing Nazi racial policies, asserting that the success of German universities depended on having "the type of the combat-ready political, National Socialist fighters who regard their 'Volk' as the supreme good".^[1] Schultze was Reichsdozentenführer until 1943.

Schultze was also involved in the T-4 Euthanasia Program. At least 380 cases of aiding and abetting the killing of disabled people were traced to him. In 1960, he was sentenced to four years' imprisonment. Schultze died on 16 August 1979 in Krailling, near Munich.

• Zenter, Christian and Bedürftig, Friedemann (1991). Encyclopedia of the Third Reich, p. 848. New York: Macmillan. ISBN 0-02-897502-2