Nearly all United States-allied forces were armed with U.S. weapons including the M1 Garand, M1 carbine, M14 rifle, and M16 rifle. The Australian and New Zealand forces employed the 7.62 mm L1A1 Self-Loading Rifle as their service rifle, with the occasional use of the M16 rifle.
The PAVN, although having inherited a variety of American, French, and Japanese weapons from World War II and the First Indochina War (aka French Indochina War), were largely armed and supplied by the People's Republic of China, the Soviet Union, and its Warsaw Pact allies. Further, some weapons—notably anti-personnel explosives, the K-50M (a PPSh-41 copy), and "home-made" versions of the RPG-2—were manufactured in North Vietnam. By 1969 the US Army had identified 40 rifle/carbine types, 22 machine gun types, 17 types of mortar, 20 recoilless rifle or rocket launcher types, nine types of antitank weapons, and 14 anti-aircraft artillery weapons used by ground troops on all sides. Also in use, mostly by anti-communist forces, were the 24 types of armored vehicles and self-propelled artillery, and 26 types of field artillery and rocket launchers.
Communist forces and weaponsedit
During the early stages of their insurgency, the Viet Cong mainly sustained itself with captured arms (often of American manufacture)[1] or crude, self-made weapons (e.g. copies of the US Thompson submachine gun[2] and shotguns made of galvanized pipes). [3][4] Most arms were captured from poorly defended ARVN militia outposts.[5]
Communist forces were principally armed with Chinese and Soviet weaponry though some VC guerrilla units were equipped with Western infantry weapons either captured from French stocks during the first Indochina war, such as the MAT-49, or from ARVN units or requisitioned through illicit purchase.
By Autumn of 1967, all Viet Cong battalions were reequipped with arms of Soviet design such as the AK-47 battle rifle and the RPG-2 anti-tank weapon.[6] Their weapons were principally of Chinese[7] or Soviet manufacture.[8] The period up to the conventional phase in the 1970, the Viet Cong and NVA were mostly limited to mortars, recoilless rifles, and small-arms and had significantly lighter equipment and firepower relative to the US arsenal, relying on ambushes, with superior stealth, planning, marksmanship, and small-unit tactics to face the disproportionate US technological advantage.[9]
Many divisions within the NVA would incorporate armoured and mechanised battalions including the Type 59 tank, BTR-60, Type 60 artillery, and rapidly altered and integrated new war doctrines following the Tet Offensive into a mobile combined-arms force.[10] The North Vietnamese had both amphibious tanks (such as the PT-76) and light tanks (such the Type 62) used during the conventional phase. Experimental Soviet equipment started being used against ARVN forces at the same time, including Man-portable air-defense systemSA-7 Grail and anti-tank missiles including the AT-3 Sagger.[11] By 1975, they had fully transformed from the strategy of mobile light-infantry and using the people's war concept used against the United States.[10]
US weaponsedit
The American M16 rifle and XM177 carbine, which both replaced the M14, were lighter and considered more accurate than the AK-47 but in Vietnam was prone to "failure to extract", in which the spent cartridge case remained stuck in the chamber after a round was fired, preventing the next round from feeding and jamming the gun.[citation needed] This was ultimately traced to an inadequately tested switch in propellants from DuPont's proprietary IMR 4475 to Olin's WC 846, that Army Ordnance had ordered out of concern for standardization and mass production capacity.[citation needed]
The heavily armored, 90 mm gun M48A3 'Patton' tank saw extensive action during the Vietnam War and over 600 were deployed with U.S. forces. They played an important role in infantry support though there were a few tank versus tank battles. The M67A1 flamethrower tank (nicknamed the Zippo) was an M48 variant used in Vietnam. Artillery was used extensively by both sides but the Americans were able to ferry the lightweight 105 mm M102 howitzer by helicopter to remote locations on quick notice.[13][14] With its 17-mile (27 km) range, the Soviet 130 mm M-46 towed field gun was a highly regarded weapon and used to good effect by the PAVN. It was countered by the long-range, American 175 mm M107 Self-Propelled Gun (nicknamed Miller).[15]
The United States had air superiority, though many aircraft were lost to surface-to-air missiles and anti-aircraft artillery. U.S. airpower was credited with breaking the siege of Khe Sanh and blunting the 1972 Easter Offensive against South Vietnam. At sea, the U.S. Navy had the run of the coastline, using aircraft carriers as platforms for offshore strikes and other naval vessels for offshore artillery support. Offshore naval fire played a pivotal role in the Battle of Huế in February 1968, providing accurate fire in support of the U.S. counter-offensive to retake the city.[16]
Colt Commander – used by US military officers and US Special forces.
Browning Hi-Power – used by Australian and New Zealand forces (L9 pistol).[29] Also used on an unofficial basis by US reconnaissance and Special Forces units.[30]
M14, M14E2, M14A1 – issued to most U.S. troops from the early stages of the war until 1967–68, when it was replaced by the M16.[40]
M16, XM16E1, and M16A1 – M16 was issued in 1964, but due to reliability issues, it was replaced by the M16A1 in 1967 which added the forward assist and chrome-lined barrel to the rifle for increased reliability.[41]
CAR-15 – carbine variant of the M16 produced in very limited numbers, fielded by special operations early on. Later supplemented by the improved XM177.
T223 – a copy of the Heckler & Koch HK33 built under license by Harrington & Richardson used in small numbers by SEAL teams. Even though the empty H&R T223 was 0.9 pounds (0.41 kg) heavier than an empty M16A1, the weapon had a forty-round magazine available for it and this made it attractive to the SEALS.[33]
M1C/D Garand and MC52 – used by CIA advisors, the USMC and the US Navy early in the war.[46][47] About 520 were supplied to the ARVN and 460 to the Thai forces.[48]
Carl Gustaf m/45 – used by Navy SEALs in the start of the war, but later replaced by the Smith & Wesson M76 in the late 1960s. Significant numbers also used by MAC-V-SOG, South Vietnamese,[33] and small numbers in Laos by advisors, and Laotian fighters.
Smith & Wesson M76 – copy of the Carl Gustaf m/45; few were shipped to Navy SEALs fighting in Vietnam.[51]
M3 Grease gun – standard U.S. military submachine gun, also used by the South Vietnamese[33][54]
M50/55 Reising – limited numbers were used by MACVSOG and other irregular forces.[33]
Madsen M-50 – used by South Vietnamese forces, supplied by the CIA.[54]
MAS-38 submachine gun – used by South Vietnamese militias.[55]
MAT-49 submachine gun – used by South Vietnamese militias.[42] Captured models were used in limited numbers[33]
MP 40 submachine gun – used by South Vietnamese forces, supplied by the CIA.[54]
Owen Gun – standard Australian submachine-gun in the early stages of the war, later replaced by the F1 and withdrawn from combat use by 1971.[52][53]
Sten submachine gun – used by US special operations forces, often with a suppressor mounted.[44]
Sterling submachine gun – used by Australian Special Air Service Regiment and other special operations units.[53]
Thompson submachine gun – used often by South Vietnamese troops, and in small quantities by US artillery and helicopter units.
Uzi – used by special operations forces and some South Vietnamese, supplied from Israel.[44]
Shotgunsedit
Shotguns were used as an individual weapon during jungle patrol; infantry units were authorized a shotgun by TO&E (Table of Organization & Equipment). Shotguns were not general issue to all infantrymen, but were select issue weapons, such as one per squad, etc.
Stevens Model 77E – pump-action shotgun used by Army and Marine forces. Almost 70,000 Model 77Es were procured by the military for use in SE Asia during the 1960s.[63] Also very popular with the ARVN because of its small size.[64]
Colt Machine Gun – experimental light machine gun deployed by SEAL Team 2 in 1970.[33]
M1918 Browning Automatic Rifle – used by the ARVN during the early stages of the war,[68] as well as many that were airdropped into Laos and used by Laotian fighters.
RPD machine gun (and Type 56) – captured and used by reconnaissance teams of Mobile Strike Forces, MAC-V-SOG and other special operation forces. Also commonly modified to cut down the barrel.[45]
M1919 Browning machine gun (and variants such as M37) – vehicle mounted machine gun.[71] Meanwhile, still of use by many South Vietnamese infantry.[29]
M15 and M34 smoke grenades – filled with white phosphorus,[24] which ignites on contact with air and creates thick white smoke.[72] Used for signalling and screening purposes, as well as an anti-personnel weapon in enclosed spaces, as the burning white phosphorus would rapidly consume any oxygen, suffocating the victims.
M1/M2 rifle grenade adapters – used to convert a standard fragmentation grenade (M1) or smoke grenade (M2) into a rifle grenade when used with the M7 grenade launcher.
XM148 grenade launcher – experimental underbarrel 40mm grenade launcher attached to the M16 rifle or XM177 carbine. Also issued to Australian Special Air Service Regiment in conjunction with the modified L1A1 and Sterling Submachine Gun.[88] Withdrawn due to safety reasons.[33][87]
M203 grenade launcher – one-shot 40mm underslung grenade launcher designed to attach to an M16 rifle (or XM177 carbine, with modifications to the launcher). First tested in combat April 1969.[33][87]
Mk 20 Mod 0 grenade launcher – Automatic, belt-fed, 40x46mm grenade launcher. Used mostly by riverine crews but also by Air Force Special Operations.[89]
Bazooka – The M9 variant was supplied to the ARVN during the early years of the war,[91] while the M20 "Super Bazooka" was used by the USMC and the ARVN until the full introduction of the M67 90mm recoilless rifle and of the M72 LAW.[92]
BGM-71 TOW – wire-guided anti-tank missile used in 1972 by the US, and by the ARVN from 1972 to the end of the war.[93]
M18 recoilless rifle – 57mm shoulder-fired/tripod mounted recoilless rifle, used by the ARVN early in the war.[99]
M20 recoilless rifle – 75mm tripod/vehicle-mounted recoilless rifle, used by US and ARVN forces early in the war.[100]
M67 recoilless rifle – 90mm shoulder-fired anti-tank recoilless rifle, used by the US Army, US Marine Corps, ANZAC and ARVN selected forces.[100][101][102]
Agent Orange – While developed to be used as a herbicide to destroy natural obstacles and tree camouflage, it was later revealed that it posed health risks to those exposed to it.[211]
Agent Blue – Used to destroy agricultural land that was believed to be used to grow food for the VC/NVA.
In addition to cargo-carrying and troop transport roles, many of these vehicles were also equipped with weapons and sometimes armor, serving as "gun trucks" for convoy escort duties.[215]
other variants included helipad boats and tankers[261]
LCVP – Landing craft vehicle personnel, some made by the French Services Techniques des Construction et Armes Navales/France Outremer and known as FOM[261]
The geographically dispersed nature of the war challenged existing military communications. From 1965 to the final redeployment of tactical units, numerous communications-electronics systems were introduced in Vietnam to upgrade the quality and quantity of tactical communications and replace obsolete gear:
AN/PRT-4 and PRR-9 squad radios – replaced the AN/PRC-6.[264]
AN/VRC-12 series (VRC-43, VRC-45, VRC-46, VRC-47, VRC-48)[269] – FM radios that replaced the RT-66-67-68/GRC (including AN/GRC 3–8, VRC 7–10, VRC 20–22, and VRQ 1–3 sets).[264]
AN/GRC-106 – AM radios and teletypewriter that replaced the AN/GRC-19.[270]
A number of paper encryption and authentication products, including one time pads and the KAL-55B Tactical Authentication System[272]
Weapons of the PAVN/VC, China, Soviet and North Korea Forcesedit
The PAVN and the Southern communist guerrillas, the Viet Cong (VC) as they were commonly referred to during the war, largely used standard Warsaw Pact weapons. Weapons used by the PAVN also included Chinese Communist variants, which were referred to as CHICOM's by the US military. Captured weapons were also widely used; almost every small arm used by SEATO may have seen limited enemy use. During the early 1950s, US equipment captured in Korea was also sent to the Viet Minh.
Small armsedit
Hand combat weaponsedit
A wide variety of bayonets meant for fitting on the many types of rifles used by the NVA and VC.
Walther P38 – Captured by the Soviets during World War II and provided to the VPA and the NLF as military aid[277]
Home-made pistols, such as copies of the M1911, Luger[280] or of the Mauser C96 (Cao Dai 763) or crude one-shot guns, were also used by the Viet Cong early in the war.[277][281]
Automatic and semi-automatic riflesedit
SKS (Chinese Type 56) semi-automatic carbine[282][283]
AK-47 – from the Soviet Union, Warsaw Pact countries, China and North Korea[282]
Older or rarer rifles were often modified by the Viet Cong early in the war: Gras mle 1874 carbines were rechambered to .410 bore while Destroyer carbines were modified to accept the magazine of the Walther P38.[293]
Home-made rifles, often spring-action rifles made to look like a M1 Garand or a M1 Carbine, were also used by the Viet Cong.[281]
Submachine gunsedit
K-50M submachine gun (Vietnamese edition, based on Chinese version of Russian PPSh-41, under licence)[302]
MAT-49 submachine gun – Captured during the French-Indochina War. Many were converted from 9x19mm to 7.62x25 Tokarev[33]
PPSh-41 submachine gun (both Soviet, North Korean and Chinese versions)[303][284]
PPS-43 submachine gun (both Soviet and Chinese versions)[304]
^Seals, Bob (23 September 2008). "Chinese Support for North Vietnam during the Vietnam War: The Decisive Edge". Military History Online. Archived from the original on May 4, 2016.
^Parray, Albert (June 1967). "Soviet aid to Vietnam" (PDF). Military Review. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 April 2011.
^Miller, Robert; Wainstock, Dennis D. (2013). Indochina and Vietnam: The Thirty-five Year War, 1940–1975. Enigma Books. pp. 101–02. ISBN 978-1936274666.
^ ab"North Vietnam's Master Plan". HistoryNet. 12 June 2006. Archived from the original on April 9, 2023. Retrieved 2018-06-01.
^Warren, James A. (2013). Giáp: The General Who Defeated America in Vietnam. St. Martin's Press. ISBN 978-1137098917.
^Hagerman, Bart. USA Airborne: 50th Anniversary. Turner Publishing Company, p. 237.
^ abcdTolson, John J. (1989). Vietnam Studies: Airmobility 1961–71. US Government Printing Office. CMH Pub 90-4. Archived from the original on April 26, 2011. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
^"ITN news reel". Youtube. 16 July 2007. Archived from the original on 7 November 2015. Retrieved 29 April 2011.
^Smith, George W. (1999). The siege at Hue. Lynne Reinner Publishers. pp. 142–143.
^Dwayne A. Day, Helicopters at War Archived 2010-04-14 at the Wayback Machine U.S. Centennial of Flight Commission
^Biggs, David (25 November 2017). "Opinion | Vietnam: The Chemical War". The New York Times. Archived from the original on April 16, 2023. Retrieved 2018-06-20.
^ abcdAssociation, National Rifle. "An Official Journal Of The NRA | Behind Enemy Lines: Guns of Vietnam's SOG Warriors". An Official Journal Of The NRA. Archived from the original on December 10, 2022. Retrieved 2022-10-18.
^Canfield, Bruce N. (March 2002). "Combat Shotguns of the Vietnam War". American Rifleman. pp. 44–47&92–95. Archived from the original on February 19, 2023.
^XM191 Multishot Portable Flame Weapon (PDF) (Report). Army Concept Team in Vietnam. 1970. pp. 2–3. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 27, 2021.
^"L5 105mm Pack Howitzer". 5rar.asn.au. Archived from the original on March 11, 2023.
^"Gunners' Day Feature: Italian L5 105mm Pack Howitzer". armymuseum.co.nz. National Army Museum. 26 May 2017. Archived from the original on February 5, 2018.
^Use of Hawk Missiles in Vietnam. // Department of Defense appropriations for 1970, pt. 5, pp. 377–378.
^Tobin, Thomas (1978). USAF Southeast Asia Monograph Series Volume IV Monograph 6: Last Flight from Saigon(PDF). US Government Printing Office. pp. 98, 123. ISBN 978-1-4102-0571-1. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 10, 2020.
^Burgess, Rick; Rausa, Zip (10 Mar 2009). US Navy A-1 Skyraider Units of the Vietnam War. Combat Aircraft 77. Osprey Publishing. p. 90. ISBN 9781846034107.
^"Rear view of a Land Rover used by the Australian army in South Vietnam". awm.gov.au. Australian War Memorial. 1971. Archived from the original on March 8, 2021. Retrieved 16 January 2019.
^"Land Rover at Bien Hoa". vietnamwar.govt.nz. Ministry for Culture and Heritage. 28 April 2011. Archived from the original on March 8, 2023. Retrieved 16 January 2019.
^Redmond, Derek (September 2015). "Jeeps in Vietnam, 1961–1975: CJ-3B, M606 and J4". cj3b.info. Archived from the original on December 2, 2021.
^Estes, Kenneth W (2016). M50 Ontos and M56 Scorpion 1956–70: US Tank Destroyers of the Vietnam War. New Vanguard 240. Osprey Publishing. p. 43. ISBN 9781472814739.
^A History of U.S. Communications Security (The David G. Boak Lectures)(PDF). National Security Agency (NSA). Archived from the original (PDF) on April 13, 2023. Volume I (1973), Volume II (1981), partially released 2008, additional portions declassified October 14, 2015.
^"KAL-55B". www.jproc.ca. Archived from the original on April 26, 2023.
^ ab"Mukden Arsenal after WWII". wwiiafterwwii.wordpress.com. April 3, 2017. Archived from the original on November 16, 2020.
^ abcdefghi"WWII German weapons during the Vietnam War". wwiiafterwwii.wordpress.com. 10 July 2015. Archived from the original on 21 September 2022. Retrieved 8 December 2017.
^"Nagant Model 1895 (M1895)". www.militaryfactory.com. Archived from the original on November 30, 2022.
^"Samopal vz.61 Škorpion / NAM 64–75". www.nam-valka.cz. Archived from the original on August 27, 2022.
^McCollum, Ian (27 January 2016). "Viet Cong Handmade Luger Lookalike". ForgottenWeapons.com. Archived from the original on February 4, 2023. Retrieved 12 December 2017.
^ abcdWeaver, W. Darrin (22 October 2015). "Viet Cong Weaponry: 14 Small Arms From the Vietnam War". Military Surplus Magazine. Archived from the original on 27 October 2022.
^ abcdeTruby, J. David (29 November 2013). "Early VC Small Arms". SmallArmsReview.com. Archived from the original on 7 February 2019. Retrieved 5 February 2019.
^"Ragtag Viet Cong Become A 20th Century Army". Madera Tribune. Vol. 76, no. 190. 9 February 1968. Archived from the original on 15 May 2023. Retrieved 14 April 2020 – via California Digital Newspaper Collection.
^"PM-63 RAK Submachine Gun | Military-Today.com". Archived from the original on October 31, 2022.
^ Suciu, Peter (April 20, 2021). "M56: Yugoslavia's Favorite Submachine Gun Was Part German and Part Soviet". The National Interest. Archived from the original on December 3, 2022.
^"Vietnam War Rare NVA & Viet cong Weapons". youtube.com. October 13, 2016. Archived from the original on October 31, 2022. Retrieved October 31, 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
^Skennerton (2001), p. 9 harvp error: no target: CITEREFSkennerton2001 (help)
^Huard, Paul (2016-04-16). "The Lewis Gun Was a New Kind of Killing Machine". War Is Boring. Archived from the original on March 17, 2023. Retrieved 2023-03-17.
^Hodges, Robert R.; Hodges, Robert R. Jr. (20 Apr 2012). The Browning Automatic Rifle. Weapon 15. Osprey Publishing. p. 67. ISBN 9781849087612.
^Schuster, Carl O. (December 2016). "Arsenal | The NVA's 'Quick Change' Machine Gun". Vietnam Magazine. Archived from the original on May 15, 2022. Retrieved 21 December 2016 – via HistoryNet.
^Laemlein, Tom (2021-11-16). "Heavy Weapons of the Viet Cong". The Armory Life. Archived from the original on December 2, 2022. Retrieved 2022-10-18.
^Scarlata, Paul (December 15, 2016). "Eastern Bloc Firestorm: The Czech UK vz. 59 Machine Gun". Military Surplus Magazine. Archived from the original on April 19, 2023.
^Schuster, Carl O. (2016-07-27). "The Rise of North Vietnam's Air Defenses". HistoryNet. Archived from the original on April 24, 2023. Retrieved 2020-01-06.
^ abcdGrandolini, Albert (February 2013). "Objectif Saigon ! 2e partie: Surprise sur les Hauts Plateaux". Batailles & Blindés (in French). No. 53. Caraktère. pp. 8–21. ISSN 1765-0828.
^ abcdeGrandolini, Albert (April 2013). "Objectif Saigon ! 3e partie: La chute du régime sud-vietnamien". Batailles & Blindés (in French). No. 54. Caraktère. pp. 66–79. ISSN 1765-0828.
Bernstein, Jonathan (25 Sep 2003). US Army AH-1 Cobra Units in Vietnam. Combat Aircraft 41. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 9781841766065.
Conboy, Kenneth (30 Jan 1992). The NVA and Viet Cong. Elite 38. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 9781855321625.
Dunstan, Simon (24 Jan 1985). Armour of the Vietnam Wars. Vanguard 84. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 9780850455854.
Dye, Dale A.; Laemlein, Tom (18 Aug 2015). Small Arms of the Vietnam War: A Photographic Study. Warriors Publishing Group. ISBN 9780986195518.
Ezell, Edward Clinton (1988). Personal firepower. The Illustrated history of the Vietnam War 15. Bantam Books. ISBN 9780553345490. OCLC 1036801376.
Foster, Randy E. M. (10 Jan 2007). Vietnam Firebases 1965–73: American and Australian Forces. Fortress 58. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 9781846031038.
Gilbert, Ed (1 Jun 2006). The US Marine Corps in the Vietnam War: III Marine Amphibious Force 1965–75. Battle Orders 19. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 9781841769875.
Grandolini, Albert (1998). Armor of the Vietnam War (2) Asian Forces. Armor at War 7017. Concord Publications. ISBN 9789623616225.
Green, Michael (1996). Armor of the Vietnam war (1) Allied forces. Armor at War 7007. Concord Publications. ISBN 9789623616119.
Green, Michael (30 Oct 2014). Armoured Warfare in the Vietnam War: Rare Photographs from Wartime Archives. Pen & Sword Military. ISBN 978-1-78159-381-3.
Higgins, David R. (20 Aug 2015). US Marine vs NVA Soldier: Vietnam 1967–68. Combat 13. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 9781472808998.
McKenna, Thomas P. (2011). Kontum: The Battle to Save South Vietnam. Battles and Campaigns. University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 9780813133980. JSTOR j.ctt2jcmsd.
Mesko, Jim (1982). Armor in Vietnam, A Pictorial History. In Action Series 6033. Squadron/Signal Publications. ISBN 9780897471268.
Myer, Charles R. (1982). Vietnam Studies: Division Level Communications 1962–1973(PDF). CMH Pub 90-11. U.S. Department of the Army. Archived from the original on November 5, 2020.
Nalty, Bernard C.; Watson, George M.; Neufeld, Jacob (1981). An illustrated guide to the air war over Vietnam: aircraft of the Southeast Asia conflict. Salamander Books. ISBN 9780701815806.
Nalty, Bernard C. (2001). Air War Over South Vietnam, 1968–1975(PDF). Air Force History and Museums Program. ISBN 9780160509148. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 13, 2022.
Ott, David Ewing (1995) [First published 1975]. Field artillery, 1954–1973(PDF). Vietnam studies. Washington, D.C.: United States Department of the Army. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 26, 2023.
Robinson, Anthony (1983). Weapons of the Vietnam War. Bison Books. ISBN 9780861241309.
Rottman, Gordon L. (25 Jul 2002). Green Beret in Vietnam 1957–73. Warrior 28. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 9781855325685.
Rottman, Gordon L. (8 May 2005). Khe Sanh 1967–68: Marines battle for Vietnam's vital hilltop base. Campaign 150. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 9781841768632.
Rottman, Gordon L. (10 Aug 2006). Viet Cong and NVA Tunnels and Fortifications of the Vietnam War. Fortress 48. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 9781846030031.
Rottman, Gordon L. (10 May 2007a). Viet Cong Fighter. Warrior 116. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 9781846031267.
Rottman, Gordon L. (10 Sep 2007b). Mobile Strike Forces in Vietnam 1966–70. Battle Orders 30. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 9781846031397.
Rottman, Gordon L. (2 Apr 2008). The US Army in the Vietnam War 1965–73. Battle Orders 33. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 9781846032394.
Rottman, Gordon L. (10 Feb 2009). North Vietnamese Army Soldier 1958–75. Warrior 135. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 9781846033711.
Rottman, Gordon L. (20 Jun 2010). Army of the Republic of Vietnam 1955–75. Men at Arms 458. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 9781849081818.
Rottman, Gordon L. (2010a). The Rocket Propelled Grenade. Weapon 2. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84908-153-5.
Rottman, Gordon L. (20 Jun 2011a). Vietnam Infantry Tactics. Elite 186. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 9781849085052.
Rottman, Gordon L. (20 Sep 2011b). US MACV-SOG Reconnaissance Team in Vietnam. Warrior 159. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 9781849085137.
Rottman, Gordon L. (20 Sep 2011c). Vietnam Gun Trucks. New Vanguard 184. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 9781849083553.
Rottman, Gordon L. (20 Feb 2012). Tunnel Rat in Vietnam. Warrior 161. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 9781849087834.
Rottman, Gordon L. (2012a). The Bazooka. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1849088015.
Rottman, Gordon L. (26 Jan 2017). Vietnam War US & Allied Combat Equipments. Elite 216. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 9781472819055.
Rottman, Gordon L.; Spaulding, Donald (2002). Vietnam Armor in Action. Armor at War 7040. Concord Publications. ISBN 9789623616829.
Russell, Lee E. (28 Jul 1983). Armies of the Vietnam War 2. Men at arms 143. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 9780850455144.
Sheehan, Neil (October 20, 2009) [September 12, 1988]. A Bright Shining Lie – John Paul Van and the American War in Vietnam (ebook ed.). Vintage. ISBN 978-0679724148.
Smith, Joseph E. (1969). Small Arms of the World (11th ed.). Harrisburg, Pennsylvania: The Stackpole Company. ISBN 9780811715669.
Thompson, Leroy (20 Aug 2013). US Combat Shotguns. Weapon 29. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 9781780960142.
Toperczer, István (25 Sep 2001a). MiG-17 and MiG-19 Units of the Vietnam War. Combat Aircraft 25. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 9781841761626.
Toperczer, István (25 Dec 2001b). MiG-21 Units of the Vietnam War. Combat Aircraft 29. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 9781841762630.
Toperczer, Istvan (2015). MiG Aces of the Vietnam War. USA: Schiffer Publishing, Ltd. ISBN 978-0-7643-4895-2.
Tucker, Spencer C., ed. (May 2011). The Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War: A Political, Social, and Military History (2nd ed.). ISBN 978-1-85109-960-3.
External linksedit
Media related to Weapons of the Vietnam War at Wikimedia Commons